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inequality, 59–60, 62–63; kidney sales example, 70–72; Nozick’s defense, 62–64; and question of prostitution, 130; Rawls’s view, 153–54, 155; rejected as social contract option, 142; and self-ownership question, 65, 66, 69–70, 71, 72; as theory of distributive justice, 157; views on human rights, 103–104; views on laws and policies of modern states, 60–62

liberty, see freedom; On Liberty (Mill); individual rights

lifeboat case, 31–33, 69

lived narratives, 221–23

Locke, John, 104; and tacit consent, 140; view of the choosing self, 214

Lowell, A. Lawrence, 176

loyalty dilemmas, 208–43

lung cancer, and Philip Morris cost-benefit analysis, 42–43

Luttrell, Marcus, 24, 25–27

lying, Kant’s view, 132–34; comparison with misleading, 133, 134–38; white lies, 133–34

MacIntyre, Alasdair, 221, 222–23

markets, 75–102; libertarian case, 75; and military service, 87–91; moral limits, 265; as remedy for unfairness of birth circumstances, 153; unfettered, 6, 20, 59, 103, 106; utilitarian case, 75; and Wall Street bailout ethics, 15–16, 18; see also free market

marriage: disestablishment proposal, 255–56; as honorific institution, 258; Kant’s view, 130; see also same-sex marriage

marriage contracts, 149

Marshall, Margaret, 256–60

Martin, Casey, 203–207

Martin, Judith, 198

maximizing utility, see utilitarianism

maxims, universalizing, 120–21, 134, 137

medals, military, see Purple Heart

Meiwes, Armin, 73–74

mercenary armies, 86, 87, 88, 89

meritocratic theory of justice, 154–55, 157, 160

Mignonette (ship), 31–33

military, see U.S. military

Military Order of the Purple Heart, 11

Mill, James, 48–49

Mill, John Stuart: background, 48–49; comparison with Jeremy Bentham, 48, 50, 52, 53, 56; distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures, 52–56; makes case for liberty, 49–52; revisions to Bentham’s doctrine of utilitarianism, 49–56; view of Kant’s universal law formula, 121

minimal state, 60–62

misleading truths, comparison with lying, 133, 134–38

moral desert: comparison with entitlements to legitimate expectations, 160–64; detaching justice from, 178–81; and distributive justice, 160–64; and financial bailout outrage, 14

moral dilemmas, 23–24; Afghan goatherds dilemma, 24–27; finding path through, 28–30; lifeboat case, 31–33, 69; runaway trolley scenario, 21–24; surrogacy contracts, 97–98; ticking time bomb case, 38–40; in Ursula Le Guin story, 40–41; see also loyalty dilemmas

moral force, in contracts, 95, 142, 149–51

moral individualism, 213, 241

moral law: Kant’s distinction between lies and misleading truths, 137; Kant’s view, 111, 121, 123–24, 125, 126, 131, 134, 139, 214, 217, 242; relationship to categorical imperative, 123–24, 126

moral limits, 142–45, 265

moral reasoning, 21, 23, 39

moral reflection, 28–30

moral virtue, see virtue

moral worth, 52, 111–16, 117, 257, 258, 261

morality: as about principle, not consequences, 116, 119, 120, 121, 132–33; duty vs. inclination, 112–16, 117, 118, 127, 128; Kant links to freedom, 123–24, 129; relationship to categorical imperative, 126–29; as supreme principle, 116–18

Morgan, J. P., 77

motive of duty, 110–11, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 137

motives of inclination, 112–16, 117, 118, 127, 128

narrative conception of person, 221–25, 232, 235–36, 241–42, 250

narrative quest, 221–23

National Highway Traffic Safety Commission, 44

national service, 84–85, 264

New York City squeegee men, 147

Nicklaus, Jack, 204

Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 196

Nozick, Robert, 62–64, 219

Obama, Barack: encourages national service, 264; and politics of common good, 263; on role of religion in politics, 245–46, 249, 250–51; signs economic stimulus bill, 233; views on financial bailout, 15, 16

object standpoint, comparison with agent standpoint, 128

obligations: and affirmative action, 170–71; civic or communal, 84–87, 225, 226–28; consent-based compared with benefit-based, 144–49; family, 225–26; natural compared with voluntary, 223–24, 225; Rawls’s view, 223, 224; of solidarity, 225–28, 234–41

oligarchs, Aristotle’s view, 193

Omelas (city in Ursula Le Guin story), 40