Knocking on Heaven's Door - Lisa Randall [212]
56. The interaction among the W, the top quark, and the bottom quark is however the reason the top can decay into a bottom and a W.
57. One can also define a relativistic mass that depends on momentum and energy, but the implication is the same.
58. Notice that this spread distinguishes bosons and fermions, classes of particles distinguished by quantum mechanics. Force carriers and the hypothetical Higgs particles are bosons. All other Standard Model particles are fermions.
59. Quoted in Stewart, Ian. Why Beauty Is Truth (Basic Books, 2007).
60. On WNYC’s The Takeaway, March 31, 2007.
61. Sometimes people also debate whether right-handed neutrinos belong in the Standard Model. Even if present, they are likely to be extremely heavy and not very important for lower-energy processes.
62. http://xxx.lanl.gov/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1101/1101.1628v1.pdf.
63. This is discussed in much greater detail in Warped Passages.
64. Again, this is discussed at length in Warped Passages. The original paper is Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum, Physical Review Letters 83 (1999):4690–4693.
65. Arkani-Hamed, Nima, Savas Dimopoulos, Gia Dvali, Physics Letters B429 (1998): 263–272; Arkani-Hamed, Nima Savas Dimopoulos, Gia Dvali, Physical Review D59:086004, 1999.
66. Randall, Lisa, and Raman Sundrum, Physical Review Letters 83 (1999):3370–3373.
67. Original short film Powers of Ten by Ray Eames and Charles Eames, 1968; Powers of Ten: A Flip Book by Charles and Ray Eames (W. H. Freeman Publishers, 1998); also Philip Morrison and Phylis Morrison and the office of Charles and Ray Eames, Powers of Ten: About the Relative Sizes of Things in the Universe (W. H. Freeman Publishers, 1982).
68. See e.g., Alan Guth’s The Inflationary Universe (Perseus Books, 1997) for a more extensive discussion of this point.
69. Some dark matter particles are their own antiparticles, in which case they need to find other similar particles.
70. Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi pioneered the concept of flow to describe this phenomenon in his book Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (Random House, 2002).
71. Brooks, David. “Genius: The Modern View,” New York Times, April 30, 2009.
72. Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success (Little Brown & Co., 2008).
73. Gell-Mann, Murray. The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex (W.H. Freeman & Company, 1994).
74. Teacher’s Edition of Current Science 49, no. 14 (January 6–10, 1964).
75. Verborgene Universen in German.
76. In German, “rand” means “edge” and “all” means “universe.”
77. See, too, for example, Susan Jacoby, The Age of American Unreason (Pantheon, 2008).