Life After Death_ A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion - Alan Segal [456]
25. A year is often said to be the time that it takes for the bones to be purified of all the remaining flesh in Jewish as well as some Zoroastrian texts.
26. J. R. Russell, “Death in Persia.”
27. Tibetan Buddhists also expose the dead to predation, and probably originally for similar purposes. In Tibet, the ground is too frozen to bury, and there is not enough wood to burn. In current Buddhism, “sky burial” serves to remind the faithful of the transitoriness of life. The Persian nomadic raiders probably did not want to bury their dead and leave them and yet did not want to burn them because that was against purity laws.
28. Any culture which participates in human history long enough will run into conflicting notions of burial and depiction of the posthumous self. It would be wrong to push the analogy too far, given the inventiveness of the human mind, but the correlation is hard to miss where it occurs.
29. J. Davies, Death, Burial, and Rebirth, p. 44, from Nigosian, The Zoroastrian Faith, p. 55.
30. See West, Pahlavi Texts.
31. See McDannell and Lang, Heaven: A History, pp. 111-44.
32. Colpe, “Syncretism;” also see Die religionsgeschichtliche Schule.
33. The rabbis also report that the capital punishment “burning” could be executed in Persian times by pouring molten metal into the victim.
34. Haoma is probably not the amanita mushroom-pace Allegro, The Sacred Mushroom; and Wasson, The Road to Eleusis-but henbane, a less dramatic psychotropic herb.
35. Shaked, “Quests and Visionary Journeys.”
36. Ibid., p. 68. See B. T. Anklesaria, Khurdah Avistābātarjamah-i Pahlavī-iān (Shiraz: 1976), pp. 5-6, beginning 18-19.
37. See J. R. Russell, “Death in Persia,” p. 8.
38. For the whole story in the Dâstân-i Mēnōk-i Krat see Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, pp. 302-5.
39. See Bode, Man, Soul, Immortality in Zoroastrianism, pp. 107-8.
40. M. Smith, Palestinian Parties and Politics.
41. Is the last heir described as the suffering servant in Isa 53?
44. For the background to these notions, see Newman, Paul’s Glory Christology.
42. D. Smith, Religion of the Landless, see esp. pp. 49-90.
Chapter 5. Greek and Classical Views of Life After Death
1. The bibliography is endless. As an introduction to the various aspects of the field, see Rhode, Psyche; Sourvinou-Inwood, ‘Reading’ Greek Death; Garland, The Greek Way of Death. Also see Cullmann et al., Immortality and Resurrection; S. Johnston, Hekate Soteira; Bremmer, Early Greek Concept of the Soul; S. Johnston, Restless Dead; Guthrie, Orpheus and Greek Religion; Knight, Ancient Greek and Roman Beliefs; Riley, Resurrection Reconsidered; Bolt, “Life, Death, and the Afterlife in the Greco-Roman World;” N. Wright, “Shadows, Souls and Where They Go,” in Resurrection, which, unfortunately, appeared after this chapter was written; Bernstein, The Formation of Hell, pp. 21-129.
2. See Ogden, “Greek Sorcerers.”
3. Ibid., p. 14.
4. Lattimore, The Iliad of Homer.
5. See the discussion in Riley, Resurrection Reconsidered, pp. 26-27; also see Sourvinou-Inwood, ‘Reading’ Greek Death, esp. pp. 17-140.
6. See Bremmer, Early Greek Concept of the Soul; also Riley, Resurrection Reconsidered, p. 31.
7. Snell, Discovery of the Mind, p. 8.
8. For example, kradie, etor, ker, which seem to be related to the heart, while phrenes is related to the lungs and psyche or anemos with the life force or breath. See Onians, Origins of European Thought About the Body; Snell, The Discovery of the Mind.
9. See C. Taylor, Sources of the Self, p. 120.
10. See again Garland, The Greek Way of Death; Toynbee, Death and Burial in the Roman World; Morris, Death-Ritual and Social Structure.
11. See S. Johnston, Restless Dead.
12. Garland, The Greek Way of Death, p. 21.
13. See Cancik-Lindemaier, “Roman Funerary Customs,” p. 422.
14. On the history of the difficulty of deciphering this scene, see Brandon, The Judgment of the Dead, pp. 96-97; also see Stilwell, “Conduct and Behavior.”
15. See Brandon, The Judgment of the Dead, esp. ch. 4.
16. Toynbee