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STEWARD OR SENESCHAL Chief official of an estate, supervisor of the lord’s manors.

SUIT Attendance.

TALLAGE Annual tax levied by lord on villeins.

TALLY, TALLY-STICK Reeve’s method of accounting for manor’s production, deliveries, receipts, and expenditures; notched stick on which it was kept.

TITHE Payment to church consisting of a tenth of produce.

TITHING Unit of ten or twelve village men mutually responsible for each other’s conduct.

TOFT Yard of a village house.

VILLEIN English term for serf.

VIRGATE Land unit theoretically sufficient to support a peasant family, varying between 18 and 32 acres (in Elton, 24).

WARDENS OF AUTUMN Officials appointed by the villagers to help supervise harvest work.

WARDSHIP Right of guardianship exercised by a lord over a minor.

WEEK-WORK Principal labor obligation of a villein, comprising plowing and other work every week throughout the year.

WOODWARD Manorial official in charge of the lord’s woodland.

INDEX

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(References to illustrations are in italics.)

Abbot’s Ripton, 46, 64, 109, 134, 149, 160

abjuring the realm, 192-93

Abovebrook, Henry, 84, 97, 181

Abovebrook, John, 85, 175, 178, 186

Abovebrook, Matilda, 182

Achard, Hugh, 179

acre, variations in, 47

adultery, 116-17, 182

Aethelwin, ealdorman of Kent, 24

Aetheric, bishop of Dorchester, 24-27, 29, 156

agriculture

Anglo-Saxon, 21-22

Bronze Age, 8-9, 19

Iron Age, 9-11, 19

open field, see open field system

Roman, 11-12

Romano-British, 19-20, 21-22

akermen (bovarii), 78

ale, 22, 94, 96, 103-4, 140, 153, 182-83, 206

ale tasters, 57, 83-84, 152, 180, 182-83

Alexander III, pope, 114, 156, 157

Alfred the Great, king, 23-24

Andrew, Prudence, 86

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 22-23

Anglo-Saxon invasion of England, 21-22

Angulo, Alice in, 84, 85

Angulo, Geoffrey in, 84, 111, 187

Angulo, Hugh in, 84, 113

Angulo, Muriel in, 85

Angulo, Richard in, 139

archeology, role of, 4-5, 8-9, 31

assarting, 15, 64, 243

Ault, Warren, 140-41, 142

Avebury (Wiltshire), 39

Bacon, Roger, 158

bailiff, 49, 51-53, 150, 184, 243

Baker, Alan R. H., 201

bakers, 39, 79, 149, 150

Ball, John, 198, 199

ban (monopoly), 48, 77

baptism, 117-19, 156

barley, 9, 11, 16, 17, 55,60, 94, 95, 137, 140, 141, 153

Barnet (Hertfordshire), 124

barns, 37-38

Barnwell, William of, 79, 177

Battle Abbey, 94

Bayeux Tapestry, 17

beadle (hayward or messor), 56-57, 83-84, 93, 243

Bedfordshire, 20, 103-5, 108, 125-26, 173

beer, see ale

Bellamy, John, 192

benefit of clergy, 192

Bennett, H. S., 97

Benyt, Reginald, 132, 188

Benyt, Richard, 76, 84-85, 187

Beresford, Maurice, 4, 132

Bersu, Gerhard, 4

Birmingham, 203

Blaccalf, John, 78, 180

Blaccalf, Ralph, 188

Black Death, 98, 110, 124, 196-97, 201, 204

Blackstone, William, 140-41

Blakeman, Athelina, 85, 116

Blakeman, Richard, 181

Bloch, Marc, 49, 206

Blundel, Geoffrey, 70, 74

boon (bene), 42, 55, 58, 87, 101, 139-40, 144, 199, 243

Boothby Pagnell (Lincolnshire), 54

Bowerchalk (Wiltshire), 147

Bracton, Henry de, 67-68

Bradford-on-Avon (Wiltshire), 23, 33, 38

Brancaster (Norfolk), 109

branding, 62, 147

Braudel, Fernand, 142

Bray, Henry de, 44, 64-65

bread, 48, 94-95, 140, 153

brewing, 57, 152-53, 178, 182-83

regulation of, 57, 178, 182-83

bride ale, 115

Brington, Geoffrey, 135

Brington, Reginald, 84

Britton, Edward, 83, 84, 110, 117, 186

Broughton (Huntingdonshire), 42, 56, 73, 83, 84, 110, 117, 140, 160, 168, 173, 186, 188

burial, 128, 156

Burton Agnes (Humberside), 52, 53

butchers, 79

Butser Ancient Farm Project, 9

bylaws, 132-33, 141, 142, 148, 173, 183, 204, 243

Cambridgeshire, 2, 69, 173

Carlton (Nottinghamshire), 101

carpenter, 149, 151

carrying services, 42, 46

Carter, Margery, 108, 116

carts, 135, 142

cellarer, 50, 93, 243

Celtic fields, 9

censuarii (tenants