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M32 stands for reel 32 of the microfilm edition of the Morse Papers. The abbreviation “fr.” indicates the frame number in the reel. N: Edward Julian Nally Papers, Princeton University Library N-YO: New-York Observer

P: Samuel Irenaeus Prime, The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, LL.D. (New York, 1875) S: Francis O. J. Smith Papers, Maine Historical Society V: Vail Telegraph Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives V-NYHS: Alfred Vail Transcripts, New-York Historical Society

WU: Western Union Collection, National Museum of American History XM: “Samuel F. B. Morse and other members of the Morse and Walker families

1816–1869,” microfilm, Library of Congress Y: Morse Family Papers, Yale University Library

I have also abbreviated the names of frequently mentioned persons as follows:

AK = Amos Kendall; AV = Alfred Vail; EC = Ezra Cornell; EM = Elizabeth Morse; FOJS = Francis O. J. Smith; HOR = Henry O’Reilly; JM = Jedediah Morse; LWM = Lucretia Walker Morse; RM = Richard Morse; SFB = Samuel F. B. Morse; SM = Sidney Morse.

The following, mostly secondary works are all cited in the documentation, usually by the author’s last name alone:

Adkins, Nelson Frederick. Fitz-Greene Halleck: An Early Knickerbocker Wit and Poet. New Haven, Conn., 1930.

Allston, Washington. The Correspondence of Washington Allston, ed. Nathalia Wright. Lexington, Mass., 1993.

Anbinder, Tyler. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. New York, 1992.

Baark, Erik. Lightning Wires: The Telegraph and China’s Technological Modernization, 1860–1890. Westport, Conn., 1997.

Baker, Paul R. The Fortunate Pilgrims: Americans in Italy 1800–1860. Cambridge, Mass., 1964.

Barger, M. Susan, and William B. White. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Baltimore, 1991.

Bates, David Homer. Lincoln in the Telegraph Office. 1907; rpt., Lincoln, Nebr., 1995.

Beauchamp, Ken. History of Telegraphy. London, 2001.

Bektas, Yakup. “The Sultan’s Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegraphy, 1847–1880.” Technology and Culture 41 (October 2000): 669–96.

Beniger, James R. The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Cambridge, Mass., 1986.

Bergen, Fons Vanden. Classics of Communication. Brussels, 1999.

Berkeley, G. F.-H. Italy in the Making 1815 to 1846. 1932; rpt., Cambridge, England, 1968.

Bijker, Wiebe E., et al. eds. The Social Construction of Technological Systems. Cambridge, Mass., 1987.

Billington, Ray Allen. The Protestant Crusade. New York, 1938.

Bjelajac, David. Millennial Desire and the Apocalyptic Vision of Washington Allston. Washington, D.C., 1988.

Blied, Benjamin J. Austrian Aid to American Catholics 1830–1860. Milwaukee, 1944.

Blondheim, Menahem. News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897. Cambridge, Mass., 1994.

____“When Bad Things Happen to Good Technologies: Three Phases in the Diffusion and Perception of American Telegraphy,” in Technology, Pessimism, and Postmodernism, ed. Yaron Ezrahi, et al. (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1994), 77–92.

Boase, T. S. R. English Art 1800–1870. Oxford, England, 1959.

Bowers, Brian. Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS 1802–1875. London, 1975.

Briggs, Charles F., and Augustus Maverick. The Story of the Telegraph, and a History of the Great Atlantic Cable. New York, 1858.

Bright, Charles. The Story of the Atlantic Cable. New York, 1903.

Brown, Charles H. William Cullen Bryant. New York, 1971.

Brown, Ralph H. “The American Geographies of Jedediah Morse.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 31, no. 3 (September 1941): 145–217.

Bruce, Robert V. The Launching of Modern American Science 1846–1876. New York, 1987. Burchell, S. C. Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III. New York, 1971.

Burnham, M., and Lucretia Hoover Giese, eds. Redefining History Painting. New York, 1995. Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History