Malcolm X_ A Life of Reinvention - Manning Marable [321]
27 but to forfeit the disputed land. Bruce Perry, Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed America (Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 1991), p. 11.
27 ‘Up, you mighty race, you can accomplish what you will!’ Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, pp. 6-7.
28 a poor neighborhood in west central Lansing. Douglas K. Meyer, “Evolution of a Permanent Negro Community in Lansing,” Michigan History Magazine, vol. 55, no. 2 (1971), pp. 141—54.
28 “it was the same as being down South.” Wilfred Little interview, in Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain, p. 20.
28 he was considered just such a troublemaker. Ibid., p. 21.
28 “and the shoeshine boys at the state capitol.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, pp. 5-6.
29 and started a daily newspaper, Blackman. Hill and Blair, eds., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons, p. lxvi.
29 estimated membership in the city at seven thousand. See Ronald J. Stephens, “Garveyism in Idlewild, 1927 to 1936,” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 34, no. 4 (March 2004), pp. 462—88.
29 dangerous jobs in the foundries. See Thomas N. Maloney and Warren C. Whatley, “Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 55, no. 3 (September 1995), pp. 456-93. In 1930, Ford Motor Company employed 25 percent of all black workers in Detroit. Also see Joyce Shaw Peterson, “Black Automobile Workers in Detroit, 1910-1930,” Journal of Negro History, vol. 64, no. 3 (Summer 1979), pp. 177-90.
29 or branch organizations were established there. See Stephens, “Garveyism in Idlewild, 1927 to 1936”; and “Concentration of UNIA Divisions by Regions, 1921-1933,” in Robert Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. 5, 1826-August 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press,1991), pp. 751-52.
29 news of the movement from around the country. DeCaro, On the Side of My People, p. 43.
29 become so crucial for Malcolm later in life. Ibid.
30 “It wasn’t the way they wanted things to go.” Wilfred Little interview, in Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain, p. 19.
30 reputation as Garveyite oddballs took its toll. DeCaro, On the Side of My People, p. 46.
30 as a kind of shield from Earl’s beatings. Perry, Malcolm, p. 6.
30 as a boy came from his mother. Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 4.
30 “noontime parades down Main Street were out.” Peter H. Amann, “Vigilante Fascism: The Black Legion as an American Hybrid,” Contemporary Studies in Society and History, vol. 25, no. 3 (July 1983), pp. 490-524; quotation from p. 406.
30 tarred and feathered, or just being run out of town. See Kenneth R. Dvorak, “Terror in Detroit: The Rise and Fall of Michigan’s Black Legion,” Ph.D. dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 1990; quotation from p. 106. Also see Michael S. Clinansmith, “The Black Legion: Hooded Americanism in Michigan,” Michigan History Magazine, vol. 55, no. 3 (1971), pp. 243-62.
30 “two . . . the accident was quite violent.” Florentina Baril interview, in Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain, pp. 14-25.
31 have been the victim of racist violence. Perry, Malcolm, pp. 12-13.
31 Louise reached him, he was dead. Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain, p. 25.
31 “He ended up bleeding to death.” Ibid.
31 Early Little’s death better than Louise did. Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 10.
31 “somebody had shoved him under that car.” Philbert Little interview, in Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain, p. 25.
31 Few blacks lived in the area. “Man Run Over by Street Car,” State Journal (Lansing, Michigan), September 28, 1931.
32 the policy payout was almost exhausted. Louise Little, “Petition for Widow’s Allowance,” Ingham County Probate Court, State of Michigan, February 24, 1932; U. S. Begley, M.D., petition to Judge of Ingham County Probate Court, State of Michigan, January 26, 1932; J. Wilson, dentist, petition