Malcolm X_ A Life of Reinvention - Manning Marable [333]
108 their garbage into the streets. For example, see “50 Called on Rubbish: Harlem Tenants Summoned for Tossing Refuse from Windows,” New York Times, May 1, 1954; and “93 Face Rubbish Charges,” New York Times, May 12, 1954.
108 for nearly all-white Flushing, Queens. “Tuberculosis Death Rate Here Declines 12 Percent from the Level of a Year Ago,” New York Times, June 10, 1954.
108 the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn. Alphonso Pinkney and Roger Woock, Poverty and Politics in Harlem (New Haven, CT: College and University Press Services, 1970), p. 27.
108 symbolized that growing clout. Layhmond Robinson, Jr., “Our Changing City: Harlem Now on the Upswing,” New York Times, July 8, 1955.
108 Tri-State Bank, in Memphis, Tennessee. “Boycott of Banks Slated in Harlem,” New York Times, March 5, 1955.
109 “themselves and voting as independents.” “G.O.P. Appeal in Harlem,” New York Times, October 18, 1956; and “Powell Sees Shift of Negroes to G.O.P.,ʺ New York Times, November 7, 1956.
109 address racial discrimination in the city. “10,000 in Harlem Protest Verdict,” New York Times, September 26, 1955.
109 “white-skinned people in free America.” Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, p. 135.
110 1,331 of them had any nonwhite members. Ibid.
110 drummer Kenny Clarke’s (Liaqat Ali Salaam). Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam, p. 58.
110 visa for a pilgrimage to Mecca, in 1957. Ibid., pp. 61, 112.
110 by a black couple, Curtis and Susie Kenner. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, January 28, 1955.
110 Cincinnati, Ohio, to support local initiatives. MX FBI, Summary Report, May 23, 1955, p. 25; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, April 23, 1957, p. 22.
111 but sharply reminded the faithful that he (Joseph) “was not.” FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, June 9, 1955.
111 the Shabazz restaurant on Fifth Avenue. FBI—Gravitt, Memo, New York Office, January 7, 1955.
111 it was announced that he would be remaining in New York. FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, June 9, 1955.
112 ever having been a member of the Communist Party. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, date illegible (around mid-1955). Based on its expanded surveillance of Malcolm X in the first five months of 1955, the New York FBI office advised the office of Director J. Edgar Hoover: “In view of the subject’s long active membership in the MCI and his position as minister of the MCI as well as his speeches and statements against the U.S. government, it is believed that he could possibly commit acts inimical to the national defense and public safety in a time of emergency.”
112 with FBI agents who might contact them. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 31, 1956, pp. 33-34.
112 “of the white man by the ‘black man.’” MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 23, 1955, pp. 23-24.
112 New York City on May 11, 1933. Curtis Austin, “Louis Farrakhan,” in Jenkins, ed., Malcolm X Encyclopedia, pp. 218-19.
112 “in my mind, and in my spirit.” Louis Farrakhan, “The Murder of Malcolm X and Its Effects on Black America—Twenty-five Years Later,” lecture delivered at Malcolm X College, Chicago, Illinois, February 21, 1990. Text of speech in possession of author.
113 first as Louis X, and then as Louis Farrakhan. Evanzz, The Messenger, p. 168.
113 “I was scared of him.” Louis Farrakhan (also known as Louis X Walcott) interview, December 27, 2007; and Farrakhan, “The Murder of Malcolm X and Its Effects on Black America.”
113 They heard nothing for five months. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
113 “talk the way this brother talked,” Farrakhan recalled. Ibid.
113 “nook and cranny in the United States of America.” Ibid.
114 “the father I never had.” Farrakhan, “The Murder of Malcolm X and Its Effects on Black America.”
114 Within a year Louis was elevated to minister. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
114 that became wildly popular among temple members. Evanzz, The Messenger, pp. 168-69.
115 “has always been to be good at both,” he said. James