Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [269]
14. See below, under “Free speech and assembly” (p. 87) and “Freedom of the press” (p. 90).
15. See Herman and Brodhead, Demonstration Elections, pp. 119–20.
16. See Amnesty International, Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder (London: AI, 1981); Michael McClintock, The American Connection, vol. 2 (London: Zed, 1985).
17. UN General Assembly, Report of the Economic and Social Council: Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala, November 13, 1985, p. 15. On Viscount Colville’s apologetics, see Americas Watch, Colville for the Defense: A Critique of the Reports of the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Guatemala (February 1986).
18. Guatemala Human Rights Commission, “Report for the 39th General Assembly of the United Nations on the Human Rights Situation in Guatemala” (New York, 1984), p. 18 (Hereafter, HRC, Report).
19. Ibid., p. 23.
20. “Bitter and Cruel …,” Report of a Mission to Guatemala by the British Parliamentary Human Rights Group, October 1984, p. 21.
21. Bishop Maurice Taylor and Bishop James O’Brien, “Brief Report on Visit to Guatemala,” October 27–November 3, 1984, quoted in Americas Watch, Little Hope: Human Rights in Guatemala, January 1984–1985 (New York: AW, 1985), p. 25.
22. InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Legal Rights in Guatemala (1985), p. 156. Development Poles are organizational units established by the army, nominally to foster “development,” actually mere convenient units for control and surveillance.
23. International Human Rights Law Group, The 1985 Guatemalan Elections: Will the Military Relinquish Power? (Washington: December 1985), p. 56 (hereafter, IHRLG, Report).
24. Ibid., p. 61.
25. LASA, Report, p. 27.
26. Ibid., p. 25.
27. See further, Herman and Brodhead, Demonstration Elections, pp. 120–21.
28. “Journalists Killed and Disappeared since 1976,” Committee to Protect Journalists (December 1986), pp. 6–8.
29. Council on Hemispheric Affairs and the Newspaper Guild, “A Survey of Press Freedom in Latin America, 1984–85” (Washington: 1985), p. 38.
30. See IHRLG, Report, pp. 59–60.
31. Howard H. Frederick, “Electronic Penetration,” in Thomas S. Walker, ed., Reagan versus the Sandinistas (Boulder: Westview, 1987), pp. 123ff.
32. For a full account of media conditions, see John Spicer Nichols, “The Media,” in Thomas S. Walker, ed., Nicaragua: The First Five Years (New York: Praeger, 1985), pp. 183–99.
33. Ibid., pp. 191–92. For comparison of media conditions in Nicaragua with those of the United States in wartime and its leading client state, Israel, see Noam Chomsky, “U.S. Polity and Society: The Lessons of Nicaragua,” in Walker, ed., Reagan versus the Sandinistas.
34. For a discussion of this decimation process and a tabulation of murders by group, see Herman and Brodhead, Demonstration Elections, pp. 121–26.
35. “The Grass Roots Organizations,” in Walker, ed., Nicaragua, p. 79.
36. Ibid., p. 88.
37. It has often been observed by serious students of American democracy that the relative weakness of intermediate organizations (unions, political clubs, media not under corporate control, etc.) is a severe impediment to meaningful political democracy in the United States—one reason, no doubt, why voter participation is so low and cynicism about its significance so high.
38. Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit (New York: Times Books, 1984), pp. 278–79.
39. Herman and Brodhead, Demonstration Elections, pp. 122–24.
40. Enrique A. Baloyra, who argues that there was a real choice, says that people voted “primarily because they wanted to make use of this massive action to urge an end to violence and civil war.” But Baloyra nowhere discusses Duarte’s and D’Aubuisson’s views on a negotiated settlement of the war, which allows him to convey the erroneous impression that one of them supported a nonmilitary route to ending the violence and civil war (El Salvador in Transition [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982], p. 175).
41. See Dennis Hans, “Duarte: The Man and the Myth,” Covert Action Information