Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [282]
60. Kahin, Intervention, p. 208; chapters 8, 9.
61. Kahin, Intervention, pp. 183f. William Bundy, January 21, 1970, cited by Kahin, p. 183.
62. Lyndon Johnson, March 20, 1964; Maxwell Taylor, November 27, 1964. See FRS, pp. 127f., for documentation and more extensive discussion based on the Pentagon Papers record.
63. Kahin, Intervention, pp. 238, 241, 245.
64. For references and further discussion, see FRS, pp. 110f. See also Wallace J. Thies, When Governments Collide: Coercion and Diplomacy in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–68 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
65. E. W. Kenworthy, New York Times, November 17, 1961, reporting President Kennedy’s decisions; Kenworthy, New York Times, May 10, 1961, reporting Lyndon Johnson’s mission to Asia; Hallin, “Uncensored War”, pp. 31, 53.
66. Robert Trumbull, February 18, 1962; Hanson Baldwin, September 16, 1962, May 13, 1961; Tom Wicker, February 11, 1965; David Halberstam, January 20, 1963, March 11, 1963; Homer Bigart, April 1, 15, 1962. Hallin, “Uncensored War,” pp. 51–56, 84.
67. Kahin, Intervention, p. 142.
68. James Reston, New York Times, April 25, 1965; Peter Jennings, ABC-TV, March 8, 1966; Jack Perkins, NBC-TV, January 11, 1966; Hallin, “Uncensored War,” pp. 89, 91, 229, 137, 140, 141.
69. Kahin, Intervention, p. 287.
70. For an extensive collection of press reports, see Seymour Melman, ed., In the Name of America (Annandale, Va.: Turnpike Press, 1968). For analysis of the material available at the time, see Edward S. Herman, Atrocities in Vietnam: Myths and Realities (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1970).
71. New York Times, May 6, 1972.
72. Takashi Oka, Christian Science Monitor, December 4, 1965; Bernard Fall, “Vietnam Blitz,” New Republic, October 9, 1965.
73. Sidney Hook, “Lord Russell and the War Crimes ‘Trial,’” New Leader, October 24, 1966.
74. See AWWA, pp. 98f.
75. “Truck versus Dam,” Christian Science Monitor, September 5, 1967.
76. Henry Kamm, New York Times, November 15, 1969; New York Times, April 6, 1971. See FRS, pp. 225f., for more details.
77. E.g., Amando Doronila, “Hanoi Food Output Held Target of U.S. Bombers,” AP, Christian Science Monitor, September 8, 1967, three days after Joseph Harsch’s philosophical reflections just cited.
78. See Kahin, Intervention, pp. 338f., 384, 400, on these perceived risks.
79. See FRS, pp. 4f., 70ff., for documentation from the official record.
80. Seymour Hersh, My Lai Four (New York: Random House, 1970); Hersh, Coverup (New York: Random House, 1972); and Hersh, New York Times, June 5, 1972, on My Khe. FRS, pp. 251, xx.
81. Henry Kamm, “New Drive Begins in Area of Mylai,” New York Times, April 1, 1971; Martin Teitel, “Again, the Suffering of Mylai,” New York Times, June 7, 1972; see above, p. 182–83.
82. FRS, p. 222.
83. Cited in PEHR I, 316f., from Buckley’s unpublished notes provided to the authors. See pp. 313f. on Operation Speedy Express; and our review of Guenter Lewy, note 33, on his falsification and apologetics for this and other atrocities.
84. “Five years later, My Lai is a no man’s town, silent and unsafe,” AP, New York Times, March 16, 1973; our emphasis.
85. Edward Jay Epstein, “The War in Vietnam: What Happened vs. What We Saw,” TV Guide, September 29, October 6, October 13, 1973; reprinted in his Between Fact and Fiction (New York: Vintage, 1975).
86. The character of the bombing of North Vietnam is denied by apologists—notoriously, the respected “scholar” Guenter Lewy, who proves that it was directed solely at military targets on the grounds that the U.S. government says so, discounting eyewitness reports from a wide range of sources; see our review, cited in note 33, for a few examples.
87. Hallin, “Uncensored War,” pp. 110, 161–62; Johnson cited in Herring, America’s Longest War, p. 204, from Roger Morris, An Uncertain Greatness.
88. Ibid., pp. 201–3. On the elections, see Edward S. Herman and Frank Brodhead, Demonstration Elections: U.S.-Staged Elections in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam, and El Salvador (Boston: South End Press, 1984), and chapter