Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [288]
11. See references cited above, and, shortly after, Fred Branfman, Voices from the Plain of Jars (New York: Harper & Row, 1972); and Walter Haney, “A Survey of Civilian Fatalities among Refugees from Xieng Khouang Province, Laos,” in Problems of War Victims in Indochina, Hearings before the [Kennedy] Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, U.S. Senate, May 9, 1972, pt. 2: “Laos and Cambodia,” appendix 2. There were some 1970 reports in the media: e.g., Daniel Southerland, Christian Science Monitor, March 14; Laurence Stern, Washington Post, March 26; Hugh D. S. Greenway, Life, April 3; Carl Strock, New Republic, May 9; Noam Chomsky, “Laos,” New York Review of Books, July 23, 1970, with more extensive details (reprinted in AWWA).
12. Haney, PP, V. See FRS, pp. 176f., on Sullivan’s misrepresentation of Haney’s conclusions.
13. Refugee And Civilian War Casualty Problems in Indochina, Staff Report for the [Kennedy] Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, U.S. Senate, September 28, 1970.
14. One of the authors participated in a public meeting of media figures in New York, in 1986, at which a well-known television journalist defended media coverage of the bombing of northern Laos on the grounds that there was a report from a refugee camp in 1972. One wonders how much credit would be given to a journal that reported the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1945.
15. T. D. Allman, Manchester Guardian Weekly, January 1; Far Eastern Economic Review, January 8, 1972 (hereafter FEER); see FRS, pp. 173f., for a lengthy excerpt. Robert Seamans, cited by George Wilson, Washington Post–Boston Globe, January 17, 1972; see FRS, pp. 172f., for this and similar testimony before Congress by Ambassador William Sullivan. John Everingham and subsequent commentary on the Hmong (Meo) tribes, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, Political Economy of Human Rights (Boston: South End Press, 1979; hereafter PEHR) II, 119f.; Chanda, FEER, December 23, 1977; see PEHR, II, 131f., 340, for these and other direct testimonies, far from the mainstream, with a few noteworthy exceptions cited. Bangkok World, cited by Haney, “U.S. Involvement in Laos,” p. 292, along with a Jack Anderson column in the Washington Post (Feb. 19, 1972). On postwar experiences of U.S. relief workers, see PEHR, pp. 132f., 340.
16. McCoy’s emphasis, in a letter to the Washington Post; cited by Haney, “U.S. Involvement in Laos,” p. 293.
17. Television commentary reprinted in Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 1975.
18. See AWWA, pp. 119f., and Haney, “U.S. Involvement in Laos,” citing congressional hearings and the Washington Post, March 16, 1970.
19. Walter Saxon, New York Times, August 24, 1975. See PEHR, chapter 5, for further details on this report and general discussion of postwar reporting of Laos.
20. Kimmo Kiljunen, ed., Kampuchea: Decade of the Genocide, Report of a government-backed Finnish Inquiry Commission (London: Zed, 1984). See also Kiljunen, “Power Politics and the Tragedy of Kampuchea during the Seventies,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars (April—June 1985).
21. See William Shawcross, Sideshow (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), and Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Summit, 1983).
22. William Shawcross, “The End of Cambodia?” New York Review of Books, January 24, 1980, relying on reports by François Ponchaud, a French priest whose work provided the major source of evidence about Khmer Rouge atrocities in 1975–76: François Ponchaud, Cambodia: Year Zero (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978), a revised version of a 1977 French study that became perhaps the most influential unread book in recent political history after a review by Jean Lacouture (“The Bloodiest Revolution,” New York Review of Books, Mar. 31, 1977); see also his “Cambodia: Corrections,” New York Review of Books, May 26, 1977, withdrawing the most sensational claims. Our review (The Nation, June 25, 1977) was the first, to our knowledge,