Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [291]
39. Derrière le sourire khmer (Paris: Plon, 1971); see FRS, chapter 2, section 2.
40. Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 7, 17, 5–6, 17, 43; Vickery, “Looking Back at Cambodia,” Westerly (Australia) (December 1976). See PEHR, II.6 for excerpts from the latter study.
41. See FRS, pp. 192ff., and sources cited, particularly the fall 1971 studies by T. D. Allman, based on interviews with members of the Cambodian elite.
42. See Elizabeth Becker, When The War Was Over (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 28, citing a 1963 U.S. embassy cable quoting Sihanouk; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 61f. See AWWA and FRS on contemporary studies of the Sihanouk period that provide more detail.
43. Michael Leifer, “Cambodia,” Asian Survey (January 1967). Becker, When the War Was Over, p. 27, asserts that the CIA was behind the 1959 plot. For sources on these developments here and below, largely French, see AWWA and FRS. See Peter Dale Scott in PP, V, on the regional context of the 1963 escalation.
44. See AWWA and FRS for references and other examples.
45. Bombing in Cambodia, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess., July / August 1973, pp. 158–60, the primary source on the “secret bombings.”
46. See PEHR, II.6, 288.
47. PEHR, II.6, 380; also 383. Shawcross, Quality of Mercy, p. 49, referring solely to B-52 bombings of Vietnamese “sanctuaries” in the border areas, the standard evasion of the issue.
48. See PEHR, II.6, 383, where the same point is noted, and its irrelevance discussed. These matters had been specifically brought to Shawcross’s attention during the period when he was working on his Sideshow, in commentary (which he had requested) on earlier articles of his on the topic in the British press.
49. William Beecher, New York Times, May 9, 1969; PEHR, II.6, 271, 289, 383.
50. Elterman, State-Media-Ideological Hegemony, p. 344. Note that the post-Tet operations were in part reported at the time, although often in the highly distorted framework already discussed. For samples, see AWWA. On media coverage of the Laos bombings in 1969, see “Laos” (p. 253).
51. T. D. Allman, FEER, April 9, 1970; Manchester Guardian, September 18, 1971. See note 41.
52. See FRS, p. 194, and sources cited; see AWWA on media coverage of the invasion.
53. Richard Dudman, Forty Days with the Enemy (New York: H. Liveright, 1971), p. 69.
54. Terence Smith, New York Times, December 5, 1971; Iver Peterson, New York Times, December 2, 1971. See FRS, pp. 188f., for citations from U.S. and primarily French sources. See also Fred Branfman, in PP, V.
55. See FRS, pp. 190–92, for excerpts from Le Monde.
56. Elterman, State-Media-Ideological Hegemony, pp. 335f.
57. Vickery, Cambodia, p. 15.
58. UPI, New York Times, June 22, 1973, citing Pentagon statistics.
59. Shawcross, Sideshow, pp. 272, 297; see p. 245, above.
60. See PEHR, II.6, 154f., 220f., 365f., for sources, excerpts, and discussion.
61. E.g., Henry Kamm, New York Times, March 25, 28, 1973.
62. Becker, When the War Was Over, p. 32.
63. Malcolm Browne, “Cambodians’ Mood: Apathy, Resignation,” New York Times, June 29, 1973. On the forceful recruiting from “the poorer classes, . . . refugees and the unemployed,” including the “poor peasants” who have “poured into the capital” after their villages were destroyed, but not the children of the wealthy elites, see Sydney Schanberg, New York Times, August 4, 1973.
64. Kamm, New York Times, March 25, 1973.
65. See Vickery, Cambodia, pp. 9f., on Buddhism, about which “probably more arrant nonsense has been written in the West . . . than about any other aspect of Southeast Asian life,” particularly with regard to Cambodia.
66. Schanberg, New York Times, May 3, 8, July 19, July 30, August 16, August 12, 1973.
67. August 22, 1973. The material reviewed here is from May 3 to August 16.
68. Mostly Malcolm Browne; also Henry Kamm, wire services, specials. We omit brief reports here, and this record may not be complete.
69. Compare, for example, Jon Swain’s horrifying account of the situation