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Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster [7]

By Root 3343 0
each sense of a multisense word developed from the immediately preceding sense. It is altogether possible that sense 1 of a word has given rise to sense 2 and sense 2 to sense 3, but frequently sense 2 and sense 3 may have developed independently of one another from sense 1.

When an italicized label follows a boldface numeral, the label applies only to that specific numbered sense. It does not apply to any other boldface numbered senses:

craft … noun … 3 plural usually craft

1fa·ther … noun … 2 cap … 5 often cap

dul·ci·mer … noun … 2 or dul·ci·more /-ˌmōr/

2lift noun … 5 chiefly Brit

At craft the plural label applies to sense 3 but to none of the other numbered senses. At father the cap label applies only to sense 2 and the often cap label only to sense 5. At dulcimer the variant spelling and pronunciation apply only to sense 2, and the chiefly Brit label at lift applies only to sense 5.

CROSS-REFERENCE


Four different kinds of cross-references are used in this dictionary: directional, synonymous, cognate, and inflectional. In each instance the cross-reference is readily recognized by the underlined small capitals in which it is displayed.

A cross-reference following a lightface dash and beginning with compare is a directional cross-reference. It directs the dictionary user to look elsewhere for further information:

ordinal number … noun … —compare CARDINAL NUMBER

A cross-reference following a boldface colon is a synonymous cross-reference. It may stand alone as the only definition for an entry or for a sense of an entry; it may follow an analytical definition; it may be one of two or more synonymous cross-references separated by commas:

fact … noun … 1 : DEED

2pa·per adjective … 3 : existing only in theory : NOMINAL

1fill … verb … 3 : FEED, SATIATE

A synonymous cross-reference indicates that an entry, a definition at the entry, or a specific sense at the entry cross-referred to can be substituted as a definition for the entry or the sense in which the cross-reference appears.

A cross-reference following an italic variant of is a cognate cross-reference:

pick·a·back … variant of PIGGYBACK

Occasionally a cognate cross-reference has a limiting label preceding variant of as an indication that the variant is not standard American English:

2vice … chiefly British variant of VISE

A cross-reference following an italic label that identifies an entry as an inflected form (as of a noun or verb) is an inflectional cross-reference:

calves plural of CALF

woven past part of WEAVE

Inflectional cross-references appear only when the inflected form falls at least a column away from the entry cross-referred to.

COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES, & SUFFIXES


An entry that begins or ends with a hyphen is a word element that forms part of an English compound:

-wise … adverb comb form … ⟨slantwise⟩

ex- … prefix … 2 … ⟨ex-president⟩

-let noun suffix 1 … ⟨booklet⟩

Combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes are entered in this dictionary for two reasons: to make understandable the meaning of many undefined run-ons and to make recognizable the meaningful elements of words that are not entered in the dictionary.

LISTS OF UNDEFINED WORDS


Many words that begin with the prefixes or combining forms anti-, in-, non-, over-, re-, self-, semi-, sub-, super-, and un- are self-explanatory combinations of the prefix or combining form and a word entered elsewhere in the dictionary, and they are listed undefined in the entry for the prefix or combining form from which they are formed.

Abbreviations Used in This Work


ab about

abl ablative

acc accusative

A.D. anno Domini

AF Anglo-French

alter alteration

Am, Amer American

AmerF American French

AmerInd American Indian

AmerSp American Spanish

Ar Arabic

Aram Aramaic

B.C. before Christ

Brit British

C Celsius

ca circa

Calif California

Canad Canadian

CanF Canadian French

cap capital, capitalized

Celt Celtic

cen central

cent century

Chin Chinese

comb combining

compar comparative

D Dutch

Dan Danish

dat dative

deriv derivative

dial dialect

dim

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