Microcosm_ E. Coli and the New Science of Life - Carl Zimmer [118]
FOUR BILLION YEARS AGO, EARTH WAS REGULARLY DEVASTATED: Battistuzzi, Feijao, and Hedges, 2004.
OTHERS LIVE ON THE SIDES OF UNDERSEA VOLCANOES: Hou et al., 2004.
BUT SOME SPECIES, INCLUDING THE ANCESTORS OF E. COLI: Raymond and Segre, 2006.
TODAY E. COLI CAN STILL SWITCH BACK AND FORTH: Tomitani et al., 2006.
TODAY BACTERIA HAVE AN IMPRESSIVE RANGE OF DEFENSES: Matz and Kjelleberg, 2005; Matz et al., 2005.
THE FEDERAL COURTHOUSE IN HARRISBURG: My account of Kitzmiller v. Dover is based on several sources, including Humes, 2007; Talbot, 2005; and TalkOrigins Archive, 2006.
“WE WOULD PREDICT THAT WE’D SEE”: Bliss, 1981.
“TO THE MICROMECHANICIANS OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS”: Lumsden, 1994.
BIOLOGISTS AND MATHEMATICIANS ALIKE: Van Till, 2002.
“SUCH SYSTEMS SIMPLY DEFY DARWINIST EXPLANATIONS”: Hartwig, 2002.
“A SINGLE SYSTEM COMPOSED OF SEVERAL WELL-MATCHED, INTERACTING PARTS”: quotations from Behe, 1996, p. 39.
“IF IT LOOKS DESIGNED, MAYBE IT IS”: quoted in “Intelligently Designed Apparel and Merchandise,” CafePress.com, http://www.cafepress.com/accessresearch/982234; accessed June 27, 2007.
IN 2005, MARK PALLEN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM: Ren et al., 2005.
PALLEN AND NICHOLAS MATZKE: Pallen and Matzke, 2006.
E. COLI’ S CONTROL NETWORKS HAVE AN ANCIENT HISTORY OF THEIR OWN: Cosentino Lagomarsino et al., 2007.
IN 2006, M. MADAN BABU, A BIOLOGIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE: Babu and Aravind, 2006.
ONE OF THE SIMPLEST MEANS: Zinser and Kolter, 2004.
E. COLI’ S NETWORK GREW IN A SIMILAR WAY: Zhou, Carlson, and Doyle, 2005.
“THE RNA WORLD”: Gesteland, Cech, and Atkins, 2006.
IN THE 1990S, RONALD BREAKER, A BIOCHEMIST AT YALE: Barrick and Breaker, 2007.
HE PROPOSES THAT THE PROFOUND SPLIT: Zimmer, 2006.
TEN: PLAYING NATURE
A $75 BILLION INDUSTRY: S. Lawrence, 2007b.
NOW 250 MILLION ACRES OF FARMLAND: S. Lawrence, 2007a.
A NEW KIND OF GENETIC ENGINEERING CALLED SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Baker et al., 2006.
BIOTECHNOLOGY WAS BORN MANY TIMES: Bud, 1993.
THE FIRST NEOLITHIC BIOTECHNOLOGISTS WERE MANIPULATING MICROBES: Mira, Pushker, and Rodriguez-Valera, 2006.
BY BOMBARDING THE MOLD THAT MAKES PENICILLIN: Adrio and Demain, 2006.
J.B.S. HALDANE INDULGED IN SOME SCIENCE FICTION: Haldane, 1923.
AND THOSE TOOLS WOULD EVENTUALLY BE USED: My account of the history of genetic engineering is based mainly on Hall, 2002; Jackson and Stich, 1979; Krimsky, 1982; Rogers, 1977; Singer, 2001; Wade, 1977; Watson and Tooze, 1981; Wright, 1994; and Zilinskas and Zimmerman, 1986.
SOMEONE HAD ISOLATED GENES: Shapiro et al., 1969.
“THE STEPS DO NOT EXIST NOW”: quoted in Reinhold, 1969.
“ARE WE WISE ENOUGH TO BE TAMPERING”: quoted in Krimsky, 1982, p. 35.
“I DIDN’T WANT TO BE THE PERSON”: quoted in Krimsky, 1982, p. 31.
“NEW STRAINS OF LIFE—OR DEATH”: Cavalieri, 1976.
“IT WAS NEVER THE INTENTION”: Watson and Tooze, 1981, p. ix.
“SCIENTISTS ALONE DECIDED TO IMPOSE A MORATORIUM”: quoted in Jackson and Stich, 1979, p. 101.
“BY THE YEAR 2000 VIRTUALLY ALL THE MAJOR HUMAN DISEASES”: quoted in Dutton, Preston, and Pfund, 1988, p. 200.
IN 1977, THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES HELD A PUBLIC FORUM: National Academy of Sciences, 1977.
“FROM THE POINT OF PUBLIC HEALTH”: quoted from Cavalieri, 1976.
“AN IRREVERSIBLE ATTACK ON THE BIOSPHERE”: Chargaff and Simring, 1976.
“NIGHTMARISH AND DISASTROUS”: Berg and Cohen quoted in Watson and Tooze, 1981, p. 389.
“WE WERE JACKASSES”: Watson and Tooze, 1981, p. 437.
“I’M AFRAID THAT BY CRYING WOLF”: Watson and Tooze, 1981, p. 155.
HUMULIN, ITS MICROBE-PRODUCED INSULIN: Figure from Eli Lilly and Company, “Humulin,” http://www.lillydiabetes.com/product/humulin_family.jsp?reqNavId=5.3; accessed June 27, 2007.
“THE FIRST SYNTHETIC LIFE FORM”: Service, 2003, p. 640.
SCIENTISTS HAVE ADDED OVER THIRTY MORE UNNATURAL ACIDS: Wang, Xie, and Schultz, 2006.
MICHAEL ELOWITZ AT CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: Elowitz and Leibler, 2000.
THE SECOND REPORT CAME FROM THE LABORATORY OF JAMES COLLINS: T. S. Gardner, Cantor, and Collins, 2000.