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In fact, studies show: See the fine work of David Dunning.

Recently, we set out to see: This research was conducted with Joyce Ehrlinger.

Howard Gardner: Howard Gardner, Extraordinary Minds (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

In a poll of 143 creativity researchers: Robert J. Sternberg (ed.), Handbook of Creativity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Which mindset do you have?: These measures were developed with Sheri Levy, Valanne MacGyvers, C. Y. Chiu, and Ying-yi Hong.

CHAPTER 2. INSIDE THE MINDSETS

Benjamin Barber, an eminent sociologist: Carole Hyatt and Linda Gottlieb, When Smart People Fail (New York: Penguin Books, 1987/1993), 232.

We offered four-year-olds a choice: This research was done with Charlene Hebert, and was followed up by work with Pat Smiley, Gail Heyman, and Kathy Cain.

One seventh-grade girl summed it up: Thanks to Nancy Kim for this quote.

It’s another to pass up an opportunity: This work was done with Ying-yi Hong, C. Y. Chiu, Derek Lin, and Wendy Wan.

Brain Waves: This research is being conducted with Jennifer Mangels and Catherine Good and is supported by a grant from the Department of Education.

It’s not just on intellectual tasks: This research was carried out with Stephanie Morris and Melissa Kamins.

Lee Iacocca had a bad case: Doron Levin, Behind the Wheel at Chrysler: The Iacocca Legacy (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1995).

Darwin Smith, looking back: Reported in Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 20.

Albert Dunlap, a self-professed fixed mindsetter: Albert Dunlap with Bob Andelman, Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster, 1996); John A. Byrne, “How Al Dunlap Self-Destructed,” Business Week, July 6, 1998.

Lou Gerstner, an avowed growth mindsetter: Lou Gerstner, Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance? Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).

“All my life I’ve been playing”: Mia Hamm with Aaron Heifetz, Go for the Goal: A Champion’s Guide to Winning in Soccer and in Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 3.

Patricia Miranda was a chubby, unathletic: Judy Battista, “A Tiny Female Pioneer for Olympic Wrestling,” The New York Times, May 16, 2004.

In 1995,Christopher Reeve, the actor: Christopher Reeve, Nothing Is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life (New York, Random House, 2002).

I watched it happen: This work was done with Heidi Grant.

We saw the same thing in younger students: This work was with Claudia Mueller.

Marina Semyonova, a great Russian dancer: Margaret Henry, “Passion and Will, Undimmed by 80 Years of Ballet,” The New York Times, January 10, 1999.

When Do You Feel Smart: This work was carried out with Elaine Elliott and later with Valanne MacGyvers.

“We were stars”: Stephen Glass, The Fabulist (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003). This is a moment-by-moment account, which Glass has published as a novel.

To find out, we showed: This work was done with Jeremy Stone.

So common is the belief: Reported in Steve Young, Great Failures of the Extremely Successful (Los Angeles: Tallfellow Press, 2002).

“Morton,” Kennedy told him: Ibid., 47.

People with the growth mindset know: This survey was conducted with Catherine Good and Aneeta Rattan.

Is there another way: Charles C. Manz, The Power of Failure (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2002), 38.

Jack Welch, the celebrated CEO: Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Books, 2001).

John McEnroe had a fixed mindset: John McEnroe with James Kaplan, You Cannot Be Serious (New York: Berkley, 2002).

McEnroe used sawdust: Ibid., 159.

He goes on to tell us: Ibid., 160.

“Everything was about you”: Ibid., 158.

“I was shocked”: From Janet Lowe, Michael Jordan Speaks: Lessons from the World’s Greatest Champion (New York: John Wiley, 1999), 95.

Tom Wolfe, in The Right Stuff: Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (New York: Bantam, 1980), 31. Also cited in Morgan W. McCall, High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation