Mistakes Were Made - Carol Tavris [130]
30 Gabrielle F. Principe, Tomoe Kanaya, Stephen J. Ceci, and Mona Singh (2006), “Believing Is Seeing: How Rumors Can Engender False Memories in Preschoolers,” Psychological Science, 17, pp. 243–248.
31 Debra A. Poole and Michael E. Lamb (1998), Investigative Interviews of Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Their work was the basis of the new protocols drafted by the State of Michigan Governor’s Task Force on Children’s Justice and Family Independence Agency (1998, 2004); see http://www.michigan.gov/documents/FIA-Pub779_13054_7.pdf. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) also has prepared an investigative interview protocol that is widely used in research and assessment. For a good review, see Debra A. Poole and Jason J. Dickinson (2005), “The Future of the Protocol Movement” (invited commentary), Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, pp. 1197–1202.
32 Ellen Bass and Laura Davis (1998), The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. New York: Harper & Row, p. 18.
33 In one study, researchers drew random samples of American clinical psychologists with Ph.D.s from names listed in the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. They asked respondents how often they regularly used certain techniques specifically “to help clients recover memories of sexual abuse”: hypnosis, age regression, dream interpretation, guided imagery related to abuse situations, and interpreting physical symptoms as evidence of abuse. Slightly more than 40 percent said they used dream interpretation; about 30 percent said they used hypnosis; the fewest, but still about 20 percent, used age regression. About the same percentages disapproved of using these techniques; those in the middle apparently had no opinion. Debra A. Poole, D. Stephen Lindsay, Amina Memon, and Ray Bull (1995), “Psychotherapy and the Recovery of Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: U.S. and British Practitioners’ Opinions, Practices, and Experiences,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, pp. 426–437. More recent replications have found that the percentages have not changed appreciably.
34 The notion that childhood sexual abuse is a leading cause of eating disorders has not been supported by empirical evidence, according to a meta-analysis of the leading studies. See Eric Stice (2002), “Risk and Maintenance Factors for Eating Pathology: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychological Bulletin, 128, pp. 825–848.
35 Richard J. McNally (2005), “Troubles in Traumatology,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, pp. 815–816. His quote is on p. 815.
36 John Briere made this statement at the 12th International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect in 1998, in Auckland, New Zealand. These remarks were reported by the New Zealand Herald, September 9, 1998. The paper quoted Briere as saying that “missing memories of abuse are reasonably common, but evidence suggests that false memories of abuse are quite uncommon.” See http://www.menz.org.nz/Casualties/1998%20newsletters/Oct%2098.htm.
37 Quoted in Pendergrast, Victims of Memory, p. 567; note 2.
38 Hammond made these remarks in his presentation, “Investigating False Memory for the Unmemorable: A Critique of Experimental Hypnosis and Memory Research,” at the 14th International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, San Diego, June 1997. Tapes of Hammond’s talk have been offered by The Sound of Knowledge, Inc.
39 For example, one group of psychiatrists and other clinical experts asked the United States Department of Justice to pass a law making it illegal to publish excerpts of children’s testimony in the actual day-care cases. The DOJ refused. Basic Books was threatened with an injunction if it published Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker’s