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17 R. Ledos de Beaufort (ed.), Personal Recollections of the late Duc de Broglie, 1785 - 1820 (London,1887), vol. I, pp.52-3.

18 Cited in CN, vol. XVI, p.19.

19 Cited in A. Hayter (ed.), The Backbone: Diaries of a Military Family in the Napoleonic Wars (Bishop Auckland,1993), p.114.

20 J. Fouché, Memoirs of Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto, Minister of the General Police of France (London,1893), p.214.

21 Cited in M. de Klinkowstrom (ed.), Memoirs of Prince Metternich, 1733 - 1815 (London, 1880), vol . II, p.158.

22 Cited in CN, vol. XVI, p80 .

23 H. Carnot (ed.), Memoirs of Bertrand Barère, Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety during the Revolution (London,1896), vol. III, pp.131-2.

24 Anon., Inocencia del Rey Nuestro Señor D. Ferdinand VII y tramas del pérfido Godoy (Seville,1814), pp.10-11.

25 Cited in CN, vol. XVI, pp.159-60.

26 A. Butler (ed.), Memoirs of Baron Thiébault, late Lieutenant-General in the French Army (London,1896), vol. II, p.196 .

27 A. Berazaluce (ed.), Recuerdos de la vida de Don Pedro Agustín Girón (Pamplona, 1978), vol. I, pp.190-91.

28 A. du Casse (ed.), Mémoires et Correspondance Politique et Militaire du Roi Joseph (Paris,1854-6), vol. IV, p.8.

29 Fouché, Memoirs, vol. I, p.315.

30 Henry Edward, Lord Holland, Foreign Reminiscences (London, 1850), pp.130-131.

31 M. Artola (ed.), Memorias de Juan de Escoíquiz (Madrid, 1957), p.57.

32 Cited in CN, vol. XVI, pp.500-501.

33 Cited in A. Alcalá Galiano (ed.), Memorias de Don Antonio Alcalá Galiano (Madrid, 1886), vol. I, p.144.

34 Cited in CN, vol. XVI, pp.418-19.

35 A. Bell (ed.), Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Aide-de-Camp to Marshals Berthier, Davout and Oudinot (London,1897), vol. I, p.73.

36 M. Foy, History of the War in the Peninsula under Napoleon (London,1827), vol. II, p.135.

37 Cited in A. Wilson (ed.), A Diary of St Helena (1816 - 1817): the Journal of Lady Malcolm containing the Conversations of Sir Pulteney Malcolm with Napoleon (London, 1899), p.141.

38 Foy, War in the Peninsula, vol. II, p.20.

39 R. Brindle, ‘A Brief Account of Travels, etc., in Spain’ (MS), Real Colegio de San Albano, Valladolid, p.10.

40 Cited in Diario de Valencia, 25 March 1808, p.338.

41 Alcalá Galiano, Memorias, vol. I, p.146.

42 J. Blanco White, Cartas de España, ed. V. Llorens and A. Garnica (Madrid,1972), pp.294-5.

43 J. Marcén (ed.), El manuscrito de Matias Calvo: memorias de un monegrino durante la Guerra de la Independencia (Zaragoza, 2000), p.177.

44 M. de Marbot, The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot (London,1892), vol. I, p.306.

45 Alcalá Galiano, Memorias, vol. I, p.160.

46 Cited in CN, vol. XVII, p.66.

47 Cited in E. Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte Hélène, ed. G. Walter (Paris, 1956), vol. I, pp.780-81.

48 Cited in P. L. Roederer, Mémoires sur la Révolution, le Consulat et l’Empire, ed. O. Aubry (Paris, 1942), pp.220-21.

49 Anon., El Tirano de la Europa, Napoleón I: Manifiesto que a Todos los Pueblos del Mundo y principalmente a los Españoles presenta el Licenciado D.J.A.C. (Seville, 1808), pp.5-9.

50 Marbot, Memoirs, vol. I, p.320.

51 Cited in Las Cases, Mémorial, vol. I, pp.784-5.

52 Cited in ibid., pp.783-4.

53 Cited in CN, vol. XVII, p.359; with some minor changes, use has been made of the translation given in J. M. Thompson (ed.), Napoleon’s Letters (London, 1934), pp.200-201.

8 From Madrid to Vienna

1 Cited in Correspondence de Napoléon I publiée par ordre de L’Empereur Napoléon III (Paris,1858; hereafter CN), vol. XVII, p.407.

2 Cited in ibid., p.428.

3 J. Sarrazin, History of the War in Spain and Portugal from 1807 to 1814 (London, 1815), pp.64-6.

4 A. Bell (ed.), Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Aide-de-Camp to Marshals Berthier, Davout and Oudinot (London,1897), vol. I, pp.105-6.

5 Cited in A. du Casse (ed.), Mémoires et Correspondance Politique et Militaire du Roi Joseph (Paris,1854-6), vol. VII, p.84 .

6 Though occupied by the French during their pursuit of Sir John Moore, Galicia proved difficult to hold