Pakistan_ A Hard Country - Anatol Lieven [2]
I remain grateful to The Times for sending me to Pakistan and Afghanistan in 1988 and allowing me to lay the foundation for this book, and to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the New America Foundation, Bill Benter, the Nuffield Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust and the British Academy for financing different parts of my research in Pakistan from 2001 to 2009.
My thanks are due to my colleagues in the War Studies Department of King’s College London for their support, in particular to Professor Mervyn Frost for his kindness in sparing me some administrative duties during the period of researching and writing this book, and to Dr Rudra Chaudhuri, whose insights into Indian policy and generosity in taking over lectures and seminars were a great help in a very busy time.
I am most grateful to Simon Winder, Caroline Elliker and the staff at Penguin for their great helpfulness and patience in what at times (through no fault of theirs) was a difficult editorial process, to Janet Tyrrell for spotting and correcting mistakes and infelicities, and to Clive Priddle and his colleagues at Public Affairs in the US. Natasha Fairweather, Emily Kitchin and Donald Winchester at AP Watt have as always been an indispensable help.
My wife Sasha bore the whole burden of the family during my long absences in Pakistan, and my son Misha absorbed a large amount of (antique) Pakistani weaponry without turning any of it on his father. I hope that before too long they will be able to visit Pakistan with me in more peaceful times.
Acronyms
ANP Awami National Party, the Pathan nationalist party led the Wali Khan dynasty.
ASI Assistant Sub-Inspector; a junior police officer.
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party (India).
COAS Chief of Army Staff.
DCO District Coordinating Officer (formerly District Commis sioner), the official in charge of the administration of a district.
DIG Deputy Inspector-General (of police), usually the rank of the officer commanding the police of a district.
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas, the indirectly admin istered Tribal Agencies along the border with Afghanistan.
FCR Frontier Crimes Regulations.
FIR First Information Report.
FSF Federal Security Force.
IB Intelligence Bureau, the intelligence wing of the Federal Interior Ministry.
IDP Internally Displaced Person.
IG Inspector-General (of police), usually commanding the police of a province.
IJI Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, an alliance of conservative parties put together in September 1988 to oppose the Pakistan People’s Party of Benazir Bhutto.
ISI Inter-Services Intelligence, the intelligence wing of the armed forces.
JeM Jaish-e-Mohammed.
JI Jamaat Islami, Islamist movement founded by Maududi.
JuD Jamaat-ud-Dawa, the social, educational and charitable wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba (see below)
JUH Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Hind.
JUI Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam, mainstream Islamist movement based in the Pathan areas.
LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, anti-Shia Sunni militant group, an offshoot of Sipah-e-Sahaba.
LeT Lashkar-e-Taiba, militant group focused on jihad against India.
MI Military Intelligence, the service responsible for counter intelligence and internal security in the armed forces.
MMA Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, alliance of Islamist political parties.
MNA Member of the National Assembly.
MPA Member of a Provincial Assembly.
MQM Muttahida Qaumi Movement or United People’s Move ment (formerly Mohajir Qaumi Movement), the party of the Urdu-speaking Mohajirs of Sindh.
NWFP The North West Frontier Province, since 2010 renamed Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
PML Pakistan Muslim League.
PML(N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), the party led by the Sharif dynasty.
PML(Q) Pakistan Muslim League (Qaid-e-Azam), a political alli ance mainly made up of defectors from the PML(N) of the Sharifs, and put together in 2002 to support the administration of