Pakistan_ A Hard Country - Anatol Lieven [293]
malangs Dervishes, devotees of a Sufi saint.
malik A Pathan notable. In the tribal areas, one officially recognized by the state as one of the representatives of a given clan.
maulana Graduate of a religious school, a learned cleric.
Mohajir A person who migrates for the sake of Islam; in Paki stan, applied to those who migrated from India after partition.
Moharram The first month of the Islamic calendar, especially sacred to Shia because of the anniversary of the death of Imam Hussain on the 10th Moharram (Ashura).
mujahid A warrior of Islam.
mullah Muslim cleric; usually, the cleric of a village mosque.
murid Follower of a saint.
nom (Pashto) Name, reputation, prestige.
panchayat (Punjabi), a village council.
pashtunwali The traditional moral and behavioural code of the Pathan tribes.
pir A hereditary saint (in the Maghrib, marabout ).
qaum Community, ethnicity, nation.
qazi Islamic judge.
Quaid-e-Azam Great Leader: The honorary title of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.
Raj Rule, kingdom.
Rangers Paramilitary force under the Ministry of the Interior, responsible for internal and border security in Sindh and Punjab.
sajjada nashin Literally, he who sits on the prayer carpet; the her editary guardian of a shrine.
Sardar A hereditary tribal chieftain.
Sayyid (or Syed) A descendant of the Prophet.
Seraiki Language widely spoken in southern Punjab and part of northern Sindh.
Shariah Islamic law.
Talib A religious student.
taqiyya Shia tradition permitting the concealing of your true faith in times of persecution.
tehsil Administrative sub-division of a district.
thana Local police station.
Ummah The universal world community of Muslims.
urs Death anniversaries of saints
wadero A hereditary landowner in Sindh.
Wahabi Islamic tradition based in Saudi Arabia, adhering to an ultra-strict version of the Koran and Shariah and bitterly hostile both to Shia and to the worship of shrines.
zamindar A landowner (in Punjab and northern India).
Appendix One: Chronology of Muslim South Asia
c. 3300 BCE – 1300 BCE Indus Valley civilization in what is now Pakistan.
After 1500 BCE Aryan migrations into South Asia (presumed).
Sixth – fifth centuries BCE Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha).
Fifth – fourth centuries BCE Afghanistan and Punjab come under the dominion of the Persian empire (satrapies of Gandhara and Kamboja).
327/326 BCE Alexander the Great invades Afghanistan and Punjab, and defeats the Indian king Porus. Alexander founds Greek settlements in Afghanistan (Bactria) which survive for several hundred years.
321 – 185 BCE Mauryan empire conquers most of northern India and Afghanistan. Under this and subsequent dynasties, the Gandharan Buddhist civilization flourishes in what is now Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.
First century BCE – sixth century CE Kushan and Gupta empires.
632 CE Death of the Prophet Mohammed.
Late seventh century CE Muslim invasions of Sindh.
711 CE Mohammed bin Qasim, a general of the Muslim Ummayad dynasty, invades Sindh by sea and initiates Muslim rule in South Asia. He extends Muslim rule as far north as Multan in southern Punjab.
971 – 1030 Life of Mahmud of Ghazni (in Afghanistan), the first Muslim invader of northern India.
c. 990 – 1077 Life of Abul Hassan Ali Hajvery (Data Ganj Baksh), a Sufi Muslim saint who initiates conversion of people of northern Punjab to Islam and is buried in Lahore.
1162 – 1206 Muhammad of Ghor (in Afghanistan) leads Muslim campaigns in northern India. In 1186 he captures Lahore.
1193 Muhammad of Ghor’s general Qutb-ud-Din Aybakh captures Delhi. He founds the Delhi sultanate, and is buried in Lahore.
1206 – 1526 A succession of Muslim dynasties rule northern India from Delhi.
1398 Tamerlaine sacks Delhi.
1469 – 1538 Life of Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism.
1526 Zahiruddin Babur invades India through Afghanistan, defeats the last Lodhi sultan of Delhi, and founds the Mughal empire.
1556 – 1605 Rule of the Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Akbar ‘the Great’.
1703 – 62 Life of the great South Asian Muslim