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Soviet Union, 17, 426, 568, 613 Afghanistan invasion, 572, 604–05

Bolshevik Revolution, 373, 380, 409

cold war with U.S., 425, 429, 437, 448, 583–84

and Cuba, 440

disintegration of, 584, 591–92, 625, 638, 644, 651–52

immigrants returned to, by U.S., 375

labor leaders flee to, 373, 386

World War II, 407, 410, 411, 413, 423, 424

Spain, 2, 32 Civil War, 409, 420, 486

exploration and colonization, 1–5, 7–8, 9, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 25

and Cuba, 3, 5–7, 301, 302, 303, 304

Florida, 129

loss of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to U.S., 312

and Mexico, 11–12

and Peru, 12

slavery, 3–7 passim, 25, 32

Spanish American war, 10, 295, 300, 303–10, 312

Speckled Snake, 136

Spies, August, 270–71

Spock, Dr. Benjamin, 618

Spotswood, Alexander, 34

Spring, Joel, 263

Spruill, Julia, 106, 109

Stalin, Joseph, 17, 592

Stamp Act of 1765, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71

Stampp, Kenneth, 31, 35

Standard Oil Company, 256–57, 260, 301, 323

Stanford, Leland, 262

Stans, Maurice, 544, 547

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 119, 122

Star Wars program, 584

steel, 253, 257, 258, 276–77, 294, 310, 324, 363, 380–81, 401, 408

Steele, James, 580

Steffens, Lincoln, 323

Stein, Herbert, 575

Steinbeck, John, 389

Steiner, Stan, 533

Steinke, Richard, 492–93

Stillman, James, 323, 351

Stockwell, John, 617

Stone, I. F., 553

Stone, Lucy, 119

Stout, Linda, 614

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 453, 454, 455, 459, 485

Sudan, 659, 678

suffrage, see voting

Sulzberger, C. L., 501, 551

Sununu, John, 595

Supreme Court, 141, 216, 260–61, 596, 645 on abortion, 510, 574, 616

appointment of, 96, 260

business and economic interests protected by, 260–62

and civil rights, 187, 198, 204, 205, 450, 451

on Communist party, 435

election of 2000 and, 677

on free speech, 366

Indians, rights of, 526

on Japanese-American evacuation, 416

NRA declared unconstitutional, 393

on Pentagon Papers, 488

on prison conditions, 523

on school desegregation, 582

on sit-downs, 402

Vietnam war, constitutionality of, 476, 498

on White House tapes, 547

Swan, E. S., 328

Swift, Gustavus, 254

Taft, William Howard, 347, 349, 350

“talk radio,” 564

Tanzania, 659, 678, 682

Tarbell, Ida, 323

tariffs, 91, 101, 130, 141, 142, 189, 206, 238, 257

Tatum, Georgia Lee, 237

taxation: Colonial era, 39, 40, 41, 48, 52, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72 Stamp Act, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71

18th century, 83–84, 91, 100, 101

income, 260, 349, 384, 580–81

Taylor, Frederick W., 324

Taylor, Maxwell, 475

Taylor, Zachary, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 164, 165

Tecumseh, 127, 132–33

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 393, 403

Terkel, Studs, 390, 391, 394

terrorism, 591, 649 “war on. . .,” 678–82

Texas: annexation and boundary dispute, 149, 150, 159, 169

textile mills, 243–44, 253, 300, 334–37, 346, 381, 385, 386, 397

Thomas, Clarence, 574

Thoreau, Henry David, 156

Thorpe, Grace, 528

Three Mile Island, 613

Tiffany, Charles, 207

Tikas, Lou, 355

Tilimon, Johnnie, 513–14

tobacco, 24, 171, 254, 260, 283, 301, 310

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 218

Todd, John, 120

Tragle, Henry, 174

transportation, 125, 218, 219, 239, 283 segregation, 450, 450–51, 453

see also railroads

Trilateral Commission, 558, 560–61, 566

Trollope, Frances, 116

Trotter, William Monroe, 348

Truman, Harry, 425, 426, 434–35, 438, 470, 473, 560, 583 civil fights, 448–49

Korean war, 427, 428, 438, 685

security Program and anti-Communism, 428, 430, 432, 435, 436

World War II, 17, 412, 422, 423–24

Truman Doctrine, 426–27, 429

Trumbo, Dalton, 374, 496–97

Truth, Sojourner, 124, 184–85, 193, 202

Tubman, Harriet, 175, 185, 193

Tumulty, Joseph, 374–75

Turkey, 426, 429, 551, 656

Turner, Henry MacNeal, 200

Turner, Nat, 171, 174, 185

Twain, Mark, 316, 321

Tyler John, 215

unemployment, 557–58, 570, 578, 650

unions, see labor organization

United Fruit Company, 439, 508

United Mine Workers, 307, 330, 354, 355

United Nations, 415, 427, 470, 653–55

U.S. Steel, 257, 331, 350, 363, 381

Van Buren, Martin, 130, 146,