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29 The most famous example is F. E. Manuel, A Portrait of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), e.g., 141-42,156,159; but in less thoroughgoing terms the tendency remains prevalent in many studies of Newton.

30 P. Pellison, The History of the FrenchAcademy (London: byJ. Streater for T. Johnson, 1657), 6-7.

3r The Mechanick Exercises was published in 1678-8o, and revived in 1683; the Collection of letters ran from 1681 to 1684.

32 Birch, History, I:116, 391, 397; Royal Society, Journal Book X,444-

33 H. Oldenburg, The Correspondence ofHenry Oldenburg ed. A. R. and M. B. Hall, 13 vols. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; London: Mansell; London: Taylor and Francis, 1968-86), IV:525-6 and Birch, History, II:3o6 (for Wallis); Birch, History, 11:231 (for one Alexander Marshal declining to reveal his craft knowledge of pigments - "they are pretty secrets, but known, they are nothing").

34 Iliffe, "`In the Warehouse'," 41-52.

35 R. E. W. Maddison, "Studies in the Life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part II: Salt Water Freshened," Notes and Records of the Royal Society 9 (1952):196- 216,esp.i97.

36 "Tracts consisting of observations about the saltness of the sea," in R. Boyle, The Works of Robert Boyle, ed. M. Hunter and E. B. Davis, 14 vols. (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1999-2000), VI 1:390-412, esp. 400-401; Maddison, "Salt Water Freshened."

37 E.g., "Salt-water sweetned," in Boyle, Works, IX:425-37; The Supplement to a small treatise called Salt-water sweetned (London: printed byJ. Harefinch, n.d.), separately paginated "Conditions."

38 The case ofMr. Walcot (n.p., n.d.).

39 H. Walcot, Sea-water made fresh and wholsome (London: for R. Parker, 1702), 2, 7.

40 Maddison, "Salt Water Freshened," 2o 6; Boyle, Works, 111:3 62.

41 See W. Eamon, Science and the Secrets ofNature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-35.

42 Maddison, "Salt Water Freshened," esp. 2o6; S. Hales, Philosophical experiments: containing useful, and necessary instructions for such as undertake long voyages at sea (London: for W. Innys and R. Manby, and T. Woodward, 1739),-.

43 Hales, Philosophical experiments xvi.

44 Walcot, Sea-water made fresh and wholsome, 14-18.

45 Maddison, "Salt Water Freshened."

46 For the aerial nitre, see R. G. Frank, Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists: Scientific Ideas and SocialInteraction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 115-39, 221-74.

47 [N. Grew], New experiments, and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh (n.p., 1683).

48 Hales, Philosophical experiments, xi xii, xix-xx.

49 Birch, History, 111:456-7,475,478, 480, 487, 489, 490-91, 492-93, 497; W. LeFanu, Nehemiah Grew M.D, ER.S.: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings (Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1990), 17-18, 20-23,36, 44-48; T. Guidott, De Thermis Britannicis tractatus (London: F. Leach, for the author, 1691), 63-64; B. Allen, The natural history of the chalybeat andpurging waters ofEngland (London: printed and sold by S. Smith and B. Walford, 1699), 92-94, 122-28; S. Du Clos, Observations on the mineral waters ofFrance (London: for H. Faithorne and J. Kersey, 1684).

5o W. R. Newman, Atoms andAlchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), ix. See, in general, A. M. Roos, The Salt of the Earth: Natural Philosophy, Medicine, and Chymistry in England, r65o-r7So (Leiden: Brill, 2007).

51 See, canonically, Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and theAir-Pump.

52 Birch, History, 111:370-71, 464, 509.

53 Frank, Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists, 124-28; B. B. Kaplan, `Divulging of useful truths in physick".• The MedicalAgenda of Robert Boyle (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 86-91.

54 N. Grew, A Discourse made before the RoyalSociety,... concerning the nature, causes, andpowerofmixture (London: printed fort. Martyn, 1675), 21-24, 29-30,42-43, 48-51, 55-56, 58, 65-67, 69-72,