Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [241]
60 The school entry cases took two forms. A parent might ask the court to issue an injunction (to enjoin school officials from excluding an unvaccinated child), as Frank Blue did in Blue v. Beach, 155 Ind. 121 (1900). Or a parent might petition the court for a writ of mandamus (to compel school officials to admit an unvaccinated child), as Michael Breen did in Potts v. Breen, 167 Ill. 67 (1897). See also Mathews v. Kalamazoo Board of Education, 127 Mich. 530 (1901); State v. Hay, 126 N.C. 999 (1900); Morris v. Columbus, 102 Ga. 792 (1898); “Teacher Must Be Vaccinated,” NYT, Nov. 15, 1901, 7.
61 Irving Browne, “Inviolability of the Human Body,” Green Bag, 9 (1897): 441–51, esp. 450.
62 Freund, Police Power, 478.
63 Ballard in “Jacobson SJC Brief,” 36.
64 Abeel v. Clark, 84 Cal. 226 (1890).
65 Duffield v. Williamsport School District, 162 Pa. 476, 482 (1894). “Note,” PABOH 1903, vol. II, 918.
66 Duffield v. Williamsport School District, 162 Pa. 476 (1894). Boyd’s Directory of Williamsport, 1899 (Reading, PA, 1899), 167, 402. Historical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania (1961), http://www.lycolaw.org/history/sketches/20.htm, accessed January 5, 2010. Tiedeman’s own libertarianism diminished when he contemplated police control of the working class, and he concluded that compulsory vaccination was defensible. Tiedeman, Limitations, 32.
67 Duffield v. Williamsport School District, 162 Pa. 476, 483, 484 (1894).
68 Lawton v. Steele, 152 U.S. 133, 152 (1894).
69 See, e.g., Abeel v. Clark, 84 Cal. 226 (1890); Bissell v. Davison, 65 Conn. 183 (1894); Viemeister v. White, 179 N.Y. 235 (1904). See “Compulsory Vaccination,” Yale Law Journal, 12 (1903): 504–6; “Public Schools: Conditions of Attendance,” ibid., 13 (1904): 261. “Bancroft SJC Jacobson Brief,” 8.
70 Adams v. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390 (1897).
71 Ibid.
72 Adams v. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390, 400, 404, 405 (1897). “Silas U. Pinney (1833–1899),” http://www.wicourts.gov/about/judges/supreme/retired/pinney.htm, accessed January 6, 2010.
73 “Topics of the Times,” NYT, Feb. 27, 1897, 8. Adams v. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390, 399 (1897).
74 Potts v. Breen, 167 Ill. 67, 76 (1897). See also State ex rel. Freeman v. Zimmerman, 86 Minn. 353 (1902). Freund, Police Power, 116. The Kansas Supreme Court went even further, ruling that in the absence of clear legislative authority, a local board of education could not deny admission to an otherwise eligible pupil for failing to be vaccinated. Osborn v. Russell, 64 Kan. 507 (1902).
75 Mathews v. Kalamazoo Board of Education, 127 Mich. 530, 535, 539 (1901).
76 “Note—Right of Boards of Health to Make Vaccination Compulsory,” Central Law Journal, 54 (1902), 56. On the doctrine of overruling necessity, see Novak, People’s Welfare, 72; W. P. Prentice, Police Powers Arising Under the Law of Overruling Necessity (New York: Banks & Brothers, 1894).
77 Godcharles v. Wigeman, Penn. 1886, Atlantic Reporter, 6 (1886), 354–56, esp. 356. “Compulsory Vaccination,” Yaw Law Journal, 10 (1901), 159.
78 “Vaccination Not Compulsory,” NYT, May 6, 1894, 16. “Decision on the Vaccinating Raid,” ibid., May 4, 1895, 9. In the Matter of the Application of William H. Smith et all for a Writ of Habeas Corpus, 146 N.Y. 68, 73, 78 (1895). Smith subsequently sued Brooklyn Health Commissioner Z. Taylor Emery for false imprisonment. The jury rendered a verdict for Smith, but the verdict was reversed on appeal. Smith v. Emery, 42 N.Y.S. 258 (1896).
79 “Bancroft SJC Jacobson Brief,” 9.
80 Morris et al. v. City of Columbus, 102 Ga. 792 (1898). Wyatt v. Rome, 105 Ga. 312 (1898).
81 State v. Hay, 126 N.C. 999, 1000, 1001 (1900).
82 Levin v. Town of Burlington, 129 N.C. 184 (1901).
83 Levin v. Town of Burlington, 129 N.C. 184, 187, 188, 189 (1901).
84 “Compulsory Vaccination and Detention,” 361. “Jacobson SJC Brief,” 12; “Pear SJC Brief,” 12.
85 The court set aside the verdict and ordered a new trial. State v. Hay, 126 N.C. 999, 103 (1900).