Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [186]
September: Einstein delivers the keynote lecture at the annual meeting of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, held that year in Salzburg, Austria. Einstein says that 'the next stage in the development of theoretical physics will bring us a theory of light that may be conceived of as a sort of fusion of the wave and of the emission theory of light'.
December: Bohr receives his Master's degree from Copenhagen University.
1911
January: Einstein is appointed to full professorship at the German University in Prague. The appointment begins in April 1911.
March: Rutherford announces the discovery of the atomic nucleus at a meeting in Manchester, England.
May: Bohr receives his doctorate from Copenhagen University with a thesis on the electron theory of metals.
September: Bohr arrives at Cambridge University to begin postgraduate work with J.J. Thomson.
30 October–4 November: The first Solvay conference is held in Brussels. Einstein, Planck, Marie Curie and Rutherford are among the invited participants.
1912
January: Einstein is appointed professor of theoretical physics at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich, the new name for the Federal Polytechnikum where he was a student.
March: Bohr transfers from Cambridge to Rutherford's laboratory at Manchester University.
September: Bohr is appointed privatdozent and assistant to the professor of physics at Copenhagen University.
1913
February: Bohr hears about Balmer's formula for the spectral lines of hydrogen for the first time, a vital clue as he develops the quantum model of the atom.
July: The first in a trilogy of papers by Bohr on the quantum theory of the hydrogen atom is published in the Philosophical Magazine. Planck and Walther Nernst travel to Zurich to entice Einstein to Berlin. He accepts their offer.
September: Bohr presents his new theory of the quantum atom at the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) conference in Birmingham, England.
1914
April: The Franck-Hertz experiment confirms Bohr's concept of quantum jumps and atomic energy levels. They bombard mercury vapour with electrons and measure the frequencies of the emitted radiation, which corresponds to the transitions between different energy levels. Einstein arrives in Berlin to take up professorships at the Prussian Academy of Sciences and Berlin University.
1914
August: The First World War begins.
October: Bohr returns to work at Manchester University. Planck and Röntgen are among the signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, asserting that Germany bears no responsibility for the war, has not violated Belgian neutrality, and committed no atrocities.
1915
November: Einstein completes his general theory of relativity.
1916
January: Arnold Sommerfeld proposes a theory to explain the fine structure of the spectral lines in hydrogen and introduces a second quantum number as he replaces Bohr's circular orbits with elliptical orbits.
May: Bohr is appointed professor of theoretical physics at Copenhagen University.
July: Einstein returns to work on quantum theory and discovers the phenomena of spontaneous and induced emission of a photon from an atom. Sommerfeld adds the magnetic quantum number to Bohr's original atomic model.
1918
September: Pauli leaves Vienna to study at Munich University with Arnold Sommerfeld.
November: The First World War ends.
1919
November: Planck is awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for physics. At a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society in London, an official announcement is made that Einstein's prediction that light is deflected by a gravitational field was confirmed by measurements made by two British expeditions during a solar eclipse in May. Einstein becomes a global celebrity overnight.
1920
March: Sommerfeld introduces a fourth quantum number.
April: Bohr visits Berlin and meets Planck and Einstein for the first time.
August: A public rally at the Berlin Philharmonic Hall