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[22] Parsa Bonderson, Sankar Das Sarma, Michael Freedman, and Chetan Nayak. A blueprint for a topologically fault-tolerant quantum computer. eprint arXiv:1003.2856, 2010.

[23] Christine L. Borgman. Scholarship in the Digital Age. Cambrdge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.

[24] Kirk D. Borne et al. Astroinformatics: A 21st century approach to astronomy. eprint arXiv: 0909.3892, 2009. Position paper for Astro2010 Decadal Survey State, available at http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.3892.

[25] Todd A. Boroson and Tod R. Lauer. A candidate sub-parsec supermassive binary black hole system. Nature, 458:53–55, March 5, 2009.

[26] Jean-Claude Bradley. Open notebook science. Drexel CoAS E-Learning (blog), September 26, 2006. http://drexel-coas-elearning.blogspot.com/2006/09/open-notebook-science.html.

[27] Stewart Brand. The Clock of the Long Now. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

[28] John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid. The Social Life of Information. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000.

[29] Zacary Brown. I’m a solver. Perspectives on Innovation (blog), February 4, 2009. http://blog.innocentive.com/2009/02/04/im-a-solver-zacary-brown/.

[30] Admiral Bumblebee. Comment on submission “Kasparov versus the World,” 2007. http://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/2hvex/kasparov_versus

_the_world/.

[31] Vannevar Bush. As we may think. Atlantic Monthly, July 1945.

[32] Declan Butler. Flu database row escalates. The Great Beyond (blog), September 14, 2009. http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2009/09/flu_database_row_

escalates.html.

[33] Robert H. Carlson. Biology Is Technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

[34] Nicholas Carr. Is Google making us stupid? Atlantic Monthly, July/August, 2008.

[35] Nicholas Carr. The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.

[36] Henry William Chesbrough. Opennovation: The new Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2006.

[37] Chess Base. Dark horse ZackS wins Freestyle chess tournament, June 19, 2005. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2461.

[38] Chess Base. Hydra misses the quarter-finals of Freestyle tournament, June 11, 2005. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2446.

[39] Chess Base. PAL / CSS report from the dark horse’s mouth, June 22, 2005. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2467.

[40] The chess games of Hydra (Computer). http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=87303.

[41] Tom Chivers. Large Hadron Collider rival Tevatron “has found Higgs boson,” say rumours. Daily Telegraph, July 12, 2010.

[42] Hyunyoung Choi and Hal Varian. Predicting the present with Google trends. Google Research blog, April 12, 2009. http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2009/04/predicting-present-with-google-trends.html.

[43] Andy Clark and David J. Chalmers. The extended mind. Analysis, 58:10–23, 1998.

[44] “Climategate” exposed: Conservative media distort stolen emails in latest attack on global warming consensus. Media Matters, December 1, 2009. http://mediamatters.org/research/200912010002.

[45] Robert P. Colwell. The Pentium Chronicles. Hoboker, NJ: IEEE Computer Society, 2006.

[46] Seth Cooper, Firas Khatib, Adrien Treuille, Janos Barbero, Jeehyung Lee, Michael Beenen, Andrew Leaver-Fay, David Baker, Zoran Popović & Foldit players. Predicting protein structures with a multiplayer online game. Nature, 466:756–760, August 5, 2010.

[47] Rachel Courtland. Higgs boson: Is a result imminent? New Scientist, July 9, 2010.

[48] Partha Dasgupta and Paul A. David. Toward a new economics of science. Research Policy, 23:487–521, 1994.

[49] Paul A. David. The historical origins of “open science”: An essay on patronage, reputation and common agency contracting in the scientific revolution. Capitalism and Society, 3(2), 2008.

[50] John R. Delaney and Roger S. Barga. A 2020 vision for ocean science. In Tony Hey, Stewart Tansley, and Kristin Tolle, editors, The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery.