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to the 1956 American paperback edition, this volume, pp. 41–42. A perusal of the 1948 “postscript” shows that Hayek’s initial response was less measured, and apparently even in 1955 the penultimate draft of the “Foreword” contained some lines about Rexford Tugwell and Wesley Clair Mitchell that prompted concern from an editor at the Press. These lines were dropped from the final version. See Alexander Morin’s letter to Hayek of August 18, 1955, University of Chicago Press collection, box 230, folder 4, University of Chicago Library.

83 See John Blundell, “Introduction: Hayek, Fisher and The Road to Serfdom,” in F. A. Hayek, Reader’s Digest Condensed Version of The Road to Serfdom, op. cit., pp. 16–25.

84 John Scoon to C. Hartley Grattan, May 2, 1945, op. cit., reprinted in the appendix.

85 Alvin Hansen, “The New Crusade against Planning,” The New Republic, vol. 112, January 1, 1945, pp. 9–10.

86 Letter, John Maynard Keynes to Hayek, June 28, 1944, reprinted in John Maynard Keynes, Activities 1940–1946. Shaping the Post-War World: Employment and Commodities, ed. Donald Moggridge, vol. 27 (1980) of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, op. cit., p. 385.

87Ibid., p. 386.

88 F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).

89 F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973–79).

90 Evan Durbin, “Professor Hayek on Economic Planning and Political Liberty,” Economic Journal, vol. 55, December 1945, p. 360. Durbin had his own book on democratic socialism: see Evan Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism: An Essay on Social Policy (London: Routledge, 1940; reprinted, New York: Kelley, 1969).

91Ibid., p. 361.

92 F. A. Hayek, “Socialist Calculation: The Competitive ‘Solution,’” op. cit. Hayek mentions the review in chapter 3, note 4.

93Ibid., p. 123.

94 Letter, Oskar Lange to Hayek, July 31, 1940, reprinted in Economic Theory and Market Socialism— Selected Essays of Oskar Lange, ed. Tadeusz Kowalik (Cheltenham: Elgar, 1994), p. 298.

95 F. A. Hayek, “Postscript,” Hayek Papers, box 106, folder 8, Hoover Institution Archives. By this point Durbin was a Labour MP and the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Works.

96 Tadeusz Kowalik, “Oskar Lange’s Market Socialism: The Story of an Intellectual-Political Career” [1991], reprinted in Why Market Socialism? Voices from Dissent, ed. Frank Roosevelt and David Belkin (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 137–54.

97 See Bruce Caldwell, “Hayek and Socialism,” Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 35, December 1997, pp. 1856–90, for more on the recent debates.

98 Durbin, op. cit., p. 360. Durbin repeatedly accused Hayek as being either unscientific or hostile to science in his review, nicely exemplifying the positivist worldview against which Hayek so often fought.

99 See Barbara Wootton, Freedom under Planning, op. cit., pp. 28, 36–37, 50, and George Stigler, Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist (New York: Basic Books, 1985), p. 146.

100 Paul Samuelson, Economics, 11th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. 827.

101 F. A. Hayek, preface to the 1976 edition, this volume, p. 55. Note that Hayek says “this is not what the book says.” He may have been implying here that the condensation and cartoon versions of his argument were at least in part responsible for the widespread misreading of his message. And indeed, in the condensed version Hayek’s insistence that he is not describing inevitable tendencies is left out, whereas part of the following sentence, not emphasized in the original, is set in italics: “Few recognize that the rise of fascism and naziism [the IEA version mistakenly replaces naziism with Marxism here] was not a reaction against the socialist trends of the preceding period but a necessary outcome of those tendencies.” See F. A. Hayek, Reader’s Digest Condensed Version of The Road to Serfdom, op. cit., pp. 31–32.

102 Letter, Hayek to Paul Samuelson, December 18, 1980, Hayek Papers, box 48, folder 5, Hoover Institution