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considerably more out of the ancient sources after having read a few studies of them. The literature on Ammianus, in English and every other language, is vast. John Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London, 1989) and T. D. Barnes, Ammianus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Ithaca, 1998) are essential. On Claudian, Alan Cameron’s Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius (Oxford, 1970) is unsurpassed. Zosimus has yet to attract the English study he deserves, but one can consult the introduction and commentary to the five-volume French edition by François Paschoud (1979–1993). The literature on Jordanes is large and partisan, for the reasons discussed at length in chapter three, and modern Germanist fantasy is regularly retailed as fact. Two responsible alternatives are Brian Croke, ‘Cassiodorus and the Getica of Jordanes’, Classical Philology 82 (1987): 117–34; and Walter Goffart, ‘Jordanes’ Getica and the disputed authenticity of Gothic origins from Scandinavia’, Speculum 80 (2005): 379–98. For literary reactions to Adrianople, the basic study is Noel Lenski, ‘Initium mali romano imperio: contemporary reactions to the battle of Adrianople’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 127 (1997): 129–68. Almost nothing in English exists on the Sântana-de-Mureş/Černjachov culture apart from summaries in Heather and Matthews, Goths in the Fourth Century, and Heather, Goths. Both of these are broadly accurate treatments of the evidence as it was known in the later 1980s, but lack theoretical rigour in relating archaeological and historical evidence.

Notes

The following abbreviations and editions are used in the notes.

AE

L’Année Epigraphique (Paris, 1888–); cited by year and inscription number.

Ambrose, Ep.

Epistulae et acta, ed. O. Faller and M. Zelzer (4 vols., CSEL 82.1–4). Vienna, 1968–1996.

č Panegyrici Latini, ed. R. Mynors. Oxford, 1964.

Paulinus, V. Ambrosii

A. Bastiaensen, Vita di Cipriani, Vita di Ambrogio, Vita di Agostino. Milan, 1975. pp. 51–124.

Peter the Patrician

FHG 4: 181–91.

PG

Patrologia Graeca.

Philostorgius, HE

Philostorgius Kirchengeschichte mit dem Leben des Lucian von Antiochien und den Fragmenten eines arianischen Historiographen, ed. J. Bidez, rev. F. Winkelmann. Berlin, 1972.

PLS

Patrologia Latina Supplementum.

Procopius, Aed.

Procopii Caesariensis Opera č: De aedificiis libri č, ed. J. Haury, rev. G. Wirth. Leipzig, 1964.

RIC

The Roman Imperial Coinage (10 vols.). London, 1923–1994.

Rufinus, HE

Eusebius Werke č.2: Die Kirchengeschichte, ed. E. Schwartz and Th. Mommsen. Berlin, 1907. pp. 951–1040.

Rutilius, De reditu suo

Rutilius Namatianus: Sur son retour, ed. J. Vessereau and F. Préchac. Paris, 1933.

Socrates, HE

Sokrates Kirchengeschichte, ed. G. C. Hansen. Berlin, 1995.

Sozomen, HE

Sozomenus Kirchengeschichte, ed. J. Bidez, rev. G. C. Hansen. Berlin, 1960.

Synesius, De providentia and De regno

Synesii Cyrenensis opuscula, ed. N. Terzaghi. Rome, 1944.

Tacitus, Germ.

Germania, in Cornelii Taciti opera minora, ed. M. Winterbottom. Oxford, 1975. pp. 35–62.

Tacitus, Hist.

Historiae, ed. E. Koestermann. Leipzig, 1969.

Themistius, Or.

Orationes, ed. G. Downey and A. F. Norman (3 vols.). Leipzig, 1965–1974.

Theodoret, HE

Theodoret Kirchengeschichte, ed. L. Parmentier, rev. G. C. Hansen. Berlin, 1998.

Zosimus, HN

Zosime: Histoire nouvelle, ed. F. Paschoud (3 vols. in 5). Paris, 1970–1993.

Prologue: Before the Gates of Rome

[1] Sources for the foregoing are Zosimus, HN 5.34–50; Sozomen, HE 9.6–7; Olympiodorus, frag. 7.1 (Blockley) = 4 (Müller); 24 (Blockley) = 24 (Müller); Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo.

Chapter One: The Goths Before Constantine

[2] For instance the Scythians supposedly recruited into the army by Septimius Severus, in Cassius Dio 75.3, taken as Goths by P. Heather, The Goths (Oxford, 1996), 39.

[3] Dexippus, frag. 20 (Jacoby) = 14 (Müller); 22 (Jacoby) = 16 (Müller).

[4] Jordanes, Getica 91 and Historia Augusta, V. Gord. 31.1: the