Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [44]
3. lõÅbertaÅs avaÅritiaÅ deÅleÅta
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4. lõÅbertaÅs avaÅritiaÅ mõÅlitum deÅleÅta
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5. poeÅta claÅmaÅtuÅrus
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CHAPTER 8 Syntax of the Simple Sentence
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6. poeÅta in monte claÅmaÅtuÅrus
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7. poeÅta in monte deÅ lõÅbertaÅte claÅmaÅtuÅrus
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8. poeÅta in monte deÅ lõÅbertaÅte avaÅritiaÅ mõÅlitum deÅleÅtaÅ claÅmaÅtuÅrus.
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9. PoeÅta in monte deÅ lõÅbertaÅte avaÅritiaÅ mõÅlitum deÅleÅtaÅ claÅmatuÅrus moritur.
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10. PoeÅta in monte deÅ lõÅbertaÅte avaÅritiaÅ mõÅlitum deÅleÅtaÅ claÅmatuÅrus mortuus est.
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11. Puer ad mare ambulaÅns servoÅs captoÅs timet.
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12. Puer ad mare ambulaÅns servoÅs aÅ nautõÅs captoÅs timeÅbat.
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13. Puer ad mare ambulaÅns servoÅs animaÅlia inter®cienteÅs videt.
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14. Puer ad mare ambulaÅns animaÅlia a servõÅs interfecta võÅdit.
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Relative Clauses
Relative clauses, like participle phrases, are both adjectival and govern grammatical constructions themselves. They are adjectival in that they modify an antecedent to which they are attached by a relative pronoun. The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number. It takes its case from the grammatical function it ful®lls within its own clause.
ReÅx quem poeÅta timet pecuÅniam amat. The king whom the poet fears loves money.
Most often a relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and ends with a verb: quem poeÅta timet
The relative pronoun quem is masculine accusative singular. Its antecedent reÅx is masculine nominative singular. The pronoun quem is masculine and singular to 120
CHAPTER 8 Syntax of the Simple Sentence
agree with reÅx, and accusative because it is the direct object of the verb timet within its own clause.
ReÅx cui gladium dedistõÅ aÅ poeÅtaÅ
The king to whom you gave a sword is
timeÅtur.
feared by the poet.
In agreement with its antecedent reÅx, cui is masculine singular. It is dative because it is the indirect object of its own clause.
If it can be easily understood in context, the antecedent of a relative pronoun may be left out:
QuõÅ pecuÅniam amant sunt miserõÅ.
Those who love money are wretched.
The antecedent of quõÅ is understood to be the subject of the main verb sunt.
Exercise
10. Translate the following. Explain the case of the relative pronoun.
1. ReÅgõÅna quam reÅx timet aÅ poeÅtaÅ amaÅtur.
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2. ReÅx a quoÅ reÅgõÅna timeÅtur poeÅtam oÅdit.
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3. ReÅx quem reÅgõÅna oÅdit animaÅlia magnoÅrum cornuum timet.
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4. AnimaÅlia quae ad urbem ducta erant aÅ reÅge quõÅ poeÅtaÅs oÅdit multum timeÅbantur.
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