Ship of Ghosts - James D. Hornfischer [252]
observes the Geneva Convention…”: International Military Tribunal for the Far East, War Crimes Trial transcript, 49713–49714. Tojo made similar assurances regarding civilian internees, 49715. “To observers in daily attendance at the tribunal…”: Brackman, 254. Tojo ordered “all prisoners of war to engage in forced labor”: Ibid., 263–264. “The Japanese idea about prisoners is very different…”: Ibid., 267. Death Railway chain of responsibility: “General Outline of Construction Progress: Details of the Construction and State of Affairs in the Earlier State (from June 1942 to the middle of February 1943)” read into the trial record by prosecutor Sir Arthur Comyns Carr, Tokyo War Crimes Trials, Sept. 12, 1946, 5530–5536. “The confession of the Japanese Army with regard to the Burma-Siam railway”: Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, testimony of Sept. 13, 1946, 5570. “Well, he ain’t going back to Korea…”: Garth Slate, UNT interview, 229. “I had a debriefing by a lieutenant colonel…”: There will be no citation here. The testimony of the brave individual making this confession may be found in the UNT oral history archive for those who must find it. Statistics of war crimes tribunals and convictions: NARA, Interagency Working Group, “Japanese Interim Report.” “Those words hung him”: Lloyd Willey, interview with the author. Nagatomo proceedings: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Army, Military Court. “Trial of Japanese War Criminals, including Lt. Col. Yoshitada Nagatomo and others,” National Archives of Australia, http://naa.gov.au. Compensation to ex-prisoners, and limitations on legal redress: Reynolds, “U.S. Prisoners of War,” 4–7. Multilateral Peace Treaty with Japan as “the cornerstone of U.S. security policy in the Pacific region”: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims on the “Justice for United States Prisoners of War Act of 2001” (H.R. 1198), Statement of William H. Taft IV, Sept. 25, 2002. “A great nation does not repudiate its treaties,”: Ibid. Mitsui Mining POW lawsuits: Wu Gang, “Forced Labour Case Voided in Japan,” China Daily, May 24, 2004 (discussing the appeal of the Fukuoka District Court’s verdict). The Fukuoka High Court overturned the award on appeal, holding the claim to be time-barred. www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–05/24/content_333378.htm (June 7, 2005). Apology of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi: Ueno, Teruaki. “Japan PM Apologises over World War Two Dutch POWs,” Reuters, May 2, 2005. “If I had ever seen three or four of these guys…”: Charley L. Pryor, UNT interview, Nov. 4, 1972, 120–121. “When you harbor something like that…”: Roy Offerle, UNT interview, 129. “I wanted to volunteer to go to Japan…”: Melfred L. Forsman, interview with the author. “When the roof fell in, a great funnel of smoke…” Stephen Crane, “The Veteran,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1896, in The Red Badge of Courage and Selected Short Fiction, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2003, 179. River Kwai tourist culture: Loeb, “Dreck Below the Bridge on the River Kwai,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 1-A, and Andelman, “Ex-Prisoners and Captors Join in a Walk over Kwai Bridge,” New York Times, 66. Perth survivors after the war: McKie, Proud Echo, frontispiece. “The fact is, the ones that obeyed the rules…”: Seldon D. Reese, UNT interview, 55. “Well after almost 4 years our fate is to be decided…”: Fujita, diary entry for August 11, 1945.
PHOTO CREDITS
TITLE PAGE
Photograph of the USS Houston (CA-30) sliding down the ways at her launching (Cruiser Houston Collection, University of Houston Libraries)
PART OPENERS
Part One
Photograph of President Roosevelt reviewing the fleet at San Francisco (Wide World; Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)
Part Two
The Houston transits the Panama Canal’s Gatun Locks on July 11, 1934, with President Roosevelt and his entourage on board. (OSS records, NARA)
Part Three
Prisoners gather outside their atap-roofed bamboo quarters at Tamarkan, Thailand. Each hut held about 300 men. (Cruiser Houston Collection,