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and what is likely to be the last memoir by one of the participants, is W. Averell Harriman’s Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946 (New York, 1975). An exhaustive study of the three great powers and their leaders is H. Feis’ Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (Princeton, 1967). The Australian war correspondent Chester Wilmot touched off the great debate about American naivete in The Struggle for Europe (London, 1952); though his conclusions have often been challenged, the work remains fascinating reading. Even earlier than that, W. L. Neuman wrote Making the Peace, 1941-1945: The Diplomacy of the Wartime Conferences (Washington, 1950). The enduring question of what to do with Germany is treated in J. L. Snell’s Wartime Origins of the East-West Dilemma over Germany (New Orleans, 1962). Slightly more specific were A. Armstrong’s Unconditional Surrender: The Impact of the Casablanca Policy upon World War II (New Brunswick, N. J., 1961) and M. Viorst’s Hostile Allies, FDR and Charles de Gaulle (London, 1965); Roosevelt’s treatment of de Gaulle during the war does a great deal to explain de Gaulle’s treatment of the United States in the sixties.

THE EUROPEAN WAR: LATER PHASE. The general problem of continuing in the Mediterranean and invading Italy, as opposed to going directly into France, is discussed in M. Howard’s The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (New York, 1968), and in Trumbull Higgins’ Soft Underbelly: The Anglo-American Controversy over the Italian Campaign, 1939-1945 (New York, 1968). An overview of the entire Italian campaign is in E. R. R. Linklater’s The Campaign in Italy (London, HMSO., 1951). Separate episodes have been covered in detail by several writers. Hugh Pond wrote Sicily (London, 1962) and Salerno (London, 1961). Cassino as the crisis of the campaign has had a number of chroniclers; an interesting German view is R. Bohmler’s Monte Cassino (London, 1964). British accounts are C. Connell’s Monte Cassino, The Historic Battle (London, 1963), and F. Majdalany’s The Battle of Cassino (Boston, 1957). Martin Blumenson wrote on the Rapido incident in Bloody River (Boston, 1970), and H. L. Bond in Return to Cassino: A Memoir of the Fight for Rome (London, 1964) provided an infantry officer’s moving recollection of the fight. R. Trevelyan did a similar memoir in The Fortress: A Diary of Anzio and After (London, 1956), while L. J. W. Vaughan-Thomas in Anzio (London, 1961) wrote a general British account, and Martin Blumenson in Anzio: The Gamble That Failed (London, 1963) did a general American account. An overall critique of the great May offensive is W. G. F. Jackson’s The Battle for Rome (New York, 1969). Concerning the attempt to crack The Gothic Line there is the work by D. Orgill (New York, 1967).

For a general account of the German failures in France there is M. Shulman’s Defeat in the West (New York, 1948). Sir Frederick Morgan filled in the pre-invasion period in Overture to Overlord (New York, 1950). The great invasion itself has been thoroughly covered. Paul Carrell produced the most popular German account, Invasion—They’re Coming! (London, 1962). On the Allied side is David Howarth’s D-Day, the Sixth of June, 1944 (New York, 1959). S. L. A. Marshall did another of his classic studies of men under fire in Night Drop: The American Airborne Invasion of Normandy (Boston, 1962), and Cornelius Ryan popularized a phrase with The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New York, 1959). For the post-D-Day period there is E. M. G. Belfield and H. Essame’s The Battle for Normandy (London, 1965), Alexander McKee’s Caen: Anvil of Victory (London, 1964), and E. Florentin’s The Battle of the Falaise Gap (London, 1965). A general account of the campaign of France after it opened up is Martin Blumenson’s The Duel for France, 1944 (Boston, 1963). General Montgomery also covered the whole campaign in Normandy to the Baltic (London, 1947). A French view is R. Aron’s De Gaulle Triumphant: The Liberation of France, August, 1944-May, 1945 (London, 1964). Southern