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Raffles, Stamford, 202

Ramsay, Sir Bertram, 313

Rangoon, Burma, surrender of, 207

Rashid Ali, 146

Red Army: Allied supplies to, 234–235; enters Berlin, 361–373; German knowledge of, 153; in German territory, 349; offensive toward Berlin, 355–356; Polish Resistance and, 271–273; strength of, 154. See also Russian front; Soviet invasion

Red Cross, 108

Regia Aeronautica. See Italian Air Force

Reichstag (German parliament): elections of 1928, 41; elections of 1930, 41

Reinhardt, Hans, 97

Reparations: after World War I, 38, 51–52; after World War II, 384

Reprisal policies of Nazis, 265, 266, 270

Resistance movements, 260–274; accomplishments and costs, 273–274; aim of uprising of, 269–274; “Battle” stage, 267–268; common characteristics of, 262–263; Communists and, 265–266; and compulsory labor system, 193–194; in Czechoslovakia, 265; development stages, 264–265; French, 270–271; impact on World War II, 262; national differences in, 262; and Normandy invasion, 267–268; and Norsk Hydro Plant, Norway, 268–269; organizational aims of, 264–265; patriotism and, 262–263; pro-German forces against, 263; in Yugoslavia, 263

“Reverse Lend-Lease,” 130

Revisionist states. See Italy; Germany; Spain

Reynaud, Paul, 91, 98, 101–102, 108

Rhenish separatism, 22

Rhineland, 54; Allied drive into, 325–326, 350–351, 357–359; German occupation of, 43

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 61, 66, 152, 189

Ritchie, Neil, 219

Roehm, Ernst, 42

Rome, Italy, 298, 306

Rommel, Erwin, 97, 147–149, 217–219, 229, 230, 292, 298, 318; and Battle of Alam el Halfa, 220–221; and British offensive in North Africa, 222–223; during invasion of France, 100; and Normandy invasion, 312–313; offensive in North Africa, 217–219

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 213; attitude toward World War II in Europe, 66, 101–102, 116; Chiang Kai-shek and, 328; compared with Churchill, 78; death of, 361; de Gaulle and, 183, 184; foreign policy of, 52; isolationists and, 122; meetings with Japanese, 166; nominated for third term, 118; and North African invasion, 224; re-election of, 119; and Stalin’s betrayal of Polish resistance, 272; and unconditional surrender concept, 185; war aims of, 180–181; on world organization, 186. See also Allied conferences; Allies; Big Three

Rosenberg, Alfred, 190

Rotterdam, Holland, bombing of, 95, 112

Route Napoleon, 323

Royal Air Force (R. A. F.): Advanced Air Striking Force, during German invasion of Belgium, 95, 108; aircraft of, 107; and Battle of the Atlantic, 127; Bomber Command, 32; and Cologne bombing, 277–279; Churchill’s tribute to, 114; Czechs in, 63; and defense of France, 89; and German invasion of France, 99 and German invasion of Poland, 71, 76; and Greece, 142; and Hamburg bombing, 284–286; in interwar period, 31–32 pilot shortage in, 108, 112; pilots of, 110–111; and supplies to Polish resistance, 272. See also Battle of Britain; Strategic bombing campaign

Royal Navy: and Battle of the Atlantic, 123–126; at Battle of Taranto, 141; battles with Italian Navy, 141; and defense of France, 89; and defense of Malaya, 202–205; and evacuation of Greece, 144; and German invasion of Norway and Denmark, 85, 86–87; in interwar period, 30–31; and North African theater, 223; in World War I, 124

Ruhr Valley, 22, 279, 358–359

Rumania, 140, 239; bombing of, 282; joins Axis powers, 142; Soviet plans for invasion of, 243

Rumanian soldiers, and Soviet defense of Stalingrad, 238

Rundstedt, Gerd von, 69, 94, 96, 99, 100, 152, 158, 160, 312, 313, 318, 352

Russia: and Allied victory in World War I, 47; collapse of, 21. See also Russian front; Russian Revolution; Soviet invasion; Soviet Union

Russian front, 232–244; and defense of Stalingrad, 237–241; Hitler in command of, 232–233; Kursk, 242–243; North Africa and, 148; Soviet attack on Kharkov, 235–236; Soviet offensive on, 232–233, 241–244; stabilization on, 233–234. See also Red Army

Russian Revolution, 21, 47–48, 79

Russo-Finnish War, 79–83, 84

Russo-German Nonaggression Pact, 83, 150, 163, 265–266

Russo-Japanese War,