Superfreakonomics_ global cooling, patri - Steven D. Levitt [110]
HOW MUCH GOOD DO CAR SEATS DO? This section is primarily based on Steven D. Levitt, “Evidence That Seat Belts Are as Effective as Child Safety Seats in Preventing Death for Children,” The Review of Economics and Statistics 90, no. 1 (February 2008); Levitt and Joseph J. Doyle, “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Child Safety Seats and Seat Belts in Protecting Children from Injury,” Economic Inquiry, forthcoming; and Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, “The Seat-Belt Solution,” The New York Times Magazine, July 10, 2005. For a brief history of child safety seats, see: Charles J. Kahane, “An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and Benefits of Safety Seats,” National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, February 1986. / 155–156 “A group of prominent child-safety researchers”: see Flaura K. Winston, Dennis R. Durbin, Michael J. Kallan, and Elisa K. Moll, “The Danger of Premature Graduation to Seat Belts for Young Children,” Pediatrics 105 (2000); and Dennis R. Durbin, Michael R. Elliott, and Flaura K. Winston, “Belt-Positioning Booster Seats and Reduction in Risk of Injury Among Children in Vehicle Crashes,” Journal of the American Medical Association 289, no. 21 (June 4, 2003).
HURRICANE STATISTICS: Data on worldwide hurricane deaths were provided by the Emergency Events Database, hosted by the Université catholique de Louvain; the U.S. death count was obtained from the National Hurricane Research Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. The economic cost in the United States alone: see Roger Pielke Jr. et al., “Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005,” Natural Hazards Review, February 2008. For more on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, see Stephen Gray, Lisa Graumlich, Julio Betancourt, and Gregory Pederson, “A Tree-Ring Based Reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Since 1567 A.D.,” Geophysical Research Letters 21 (June 17, 2004); Mihai Dima, “A Hemispheric Mechanism for the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,” Journal of Climate 20 (October 2006); David Enfield, Alberto Mestas-Nuñez, and Paul Trimble, “The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Its Relation to Rainfall and River Flows in the Continental U.S.,” Geophysical Research Letters 28 (May 15, 2001); and Clive Thompson, “The Five-Year Forecast,” New York, November 27, 2006.
“AN INTELLECTUALLY VENTURESOME FELLOW NAMED NATHAN”: This section is drawn from author interviews with Nathan and his colleagues, whom the reader will meet in fuller detail in Chapter 5. Neal Stephenson—yes, the same one who writes phantasmagorical novels—was particularly helpful in walking us through some of the details and showing computer simulations. The hurricane killer described is also known as Jeffrey A. Bowers et al., “Water Alteration Structure Applications and Methods,” U.S. Patent Application 20090173366, July 9, 2009. Among the “et al.” authors is one William H. Gates III. The abstract from the patent application reads like this: “A method is generally described which includes environmental alteration. The method includes determining a placement of at least one vessel capable of moving water to lower depths in the water via wave induced downwelling. The method also includes placing at least one vessel in the determined placement. Further, the method includes generating movement of the water adjacent the surface of the water in response to the placing.”
CHAPTER 5: WHAT DO AL GORE AND MOUNT PINATUBO HAVE IN COMMON?
LET’S MELT THE ICE CAP!: For the section on global cooling, see: Harold M. Schmeck Jr., “Climate Changes Endanger World’s Food Output,” The New York Times, August 8, 1974; Peter Gwynne, “The Cooling World,” Newsweek, April 28, 1975; Walter Sullivan, “Scientists Ask Why World Climate Is