Superfreakonomics_ global cooling, patri - Steven D. Levitt [114]
3, 2004. / 183–184 “Ocean acidification”: see Ken Caldeira and Michael E. Wickett, “Oceanography: Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean pH,” Nature 425 (September 2003); and Elizabeth Kolbert, “The Darkening Sea,” The New Yorker, November 20, 2006. / 184 Hard-charging environmental activist: see Mooney, above, for interesting reading on Caldeira’s background / 184 Caldeira mentions a study: see Caldeira et al., “Impact of Geoengineering Schemes on the Terrestrial Biosphere,” Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 22 (2002). / 186 Trees as environmental scourge: see Caldeira et al., “Climate Effects of Global Land Cover Change,” Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005); and Caldeira et al., “Combined Climate and Carbon-Cycle Effects of Large-Scale Deforestation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 16 (April 17, 2007). / 187 The half-life of atmospheric carbon: see Archer et al., “Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide,” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37 (2009). / 188 “Would put an end to the Gulf Stream”: see Thomas F. Stocker and Andreas Schmittner, “Influence of Carbon Dioxide Emission Rates on the Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation,” Nature 388 (1997); and Brad Lemley, “The Next Ice Age,” Discover, September 2002. / 189 The northern tip of Newfoundland: this former Norse settlement is known as L’Anse aux Meadows. / 189 Benjamin Franklin’s volcanic suspicion: see Benjamin Franklin, “Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures,” Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, December 22, 1784; and Karen Harpp, “How Do Volcanoes Affect World Climate?” Scientific American, October 4, 2005. / 189 “Year Without a Summer”: see Robert Evans, “Blast from the Past,” Smithsonian, July 2002. / 189 Lake Toba super volcano: see Stanley H. Ambrose, “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 34, no. 6 (1998). / 191 The Vonnegut brothers make rain: see William Langewiesche, “Stealing Weather,” Vanity Fair, May 2008. / 191 The idea was attributed to…Mikhail Budyko: see M. I. Budyko, “Climatic Changes,” American Geophysical Society, Washington, D.C., 1977. Improbably, Ken Caldeira did postdoctoral work at Budyko’s institute in Leningrad and met his future wife there. / 196–197 Perhaps the stoutest scientific argument: see Paul J. Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?” Climatic Change, 2006. / 198 There is no regulatory framework: for further reading, see “The Sun Blotted Out from the Sky,” Elizabeth Svoboda, Salon.com, April 2, 2008. / 199 Certain new ideas…are invariably seen as repugnant: the dean of repugnance studies is the Harvard economist Alvin E. Roth, whose work can be see at the Market Design blog. See also: Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, “Flesh Trade,” The New York Times Magazine, July 9, 2006; and Viviana A. Zelizer, “Human Values and the Market: The Case of Life Insurance and Death in 19th Century America,” American Journal of Sociology 84, no. 3 (November 1978). / 200 Al Gore is quoted here and elsewhere in Leonard David, “Al Gore: Earth Is in ‘Full-Scale Planetary Emergency,’” Space.com, October 26, 2006. / 201–202 The “soggy mirrors” plan: see John Latham, “Amelioration of Global Warming by Controlled Enhancement of the Albedo and Longevity of Low-Level Maritime Clouds,” Atmospheric Science Letters 3, no. 2 (2002). / 201 Contrail clouds: see David J. Travis, Andrew M. Carleton, and Ryan G. Lauritsen, “Climatology: Contrails Reduce Daily Temperature Range,” Nature, August 8, 2002; Travis, “Regional Variations in U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range for the 11–14 September 2001 Aircraft Groundings: Evidence of Jet Contrail Influence on Climate,” Journal of Climate 17 (March 1, 2004); and Andrew M. Carleton et al., “Composite Atmospheric Environments of Jet Contrail Outbreaks for the United States,” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47 (February 2008). / 203 Fighting global warming with individual