The Airplane - Jay Spenser [148]
travel experience, 303
Treaty of Versailles, 66, 76–77
tricycle landing gear, 238–40
Trippe, Juan, 259
troposphere, 317n2
“tube and wing” jetliner design, 308–9
turbine buckets, 232
turbine propulsion
of Boeing 707, 84
in commercial air travel, 196–97
high-speed airflows and, 231
turbofan engines, 234
turbojet engines, 234–35
turbo-superchargers, 227–29
exhaust-driven, 229
WW II with, 228–29
Turnbull, W. R., 227
TWA. See Transcontinental and Western Air
two-axis control, 153
UATC. See United Aircraft and Transport Corporation
United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UATC), 267, 269
United Airways. See United Aircraft and Transport Corporation
United States (US)
aero engines developed in, 213–14
aircraft carrier of, 215
airmail priority of, 262–64
flight-related technologies leadership of, 119–20
industrialization in, 22
entering World War I, 64–65
unmanned flying machine, 105–6
U.S. See United States
U.S. Army Air Forces, 132
U.S. Army Air Service, 183
U.S. Post Office
de Havilland DH-4 used by, 263
private companies transporting for, 261
USS Langley, 215
variable-pitch propellers, 225–26
vee engines, 208
vertical stabilizers, 137, 139–41, 160–61, 171
Verville, Alfred, 54
Verville-Sperry R-3 racer, 54,–55
vestibular system, human, 179
vibrating-reed display, 188
virtual meetings, 293–94
virtuous circle of design, 299–300
visibility
in airplanes, 178–79, 181–82
cost/performance, 295
Voisin-Blériot glider, 163–64
Voisin-built biplane, 147
Voisin, Charles, 143
Voisin, Gabriel, 143, 149, 163–64, 170–71, 203
biplane fabric panels of, 166,–67
Vuia, Trajan, 46, 46–48
Wanamaker, Rodman, 244
warplanes
of Germany, 74–75
rotary-powered, 210–11
Warsitz, Erich, 231
Washington, George, 4
Wasp engines. See Pratt & Whitney
Weick, Fred, 221–22, 222
welded steel tubing, 66–67
Wenham, Francis Herbert, 99,–101, 151
Aeronautical Society of Great
Britain and, 100–101
bird wings observed by, 100
first wind tunnel used by, 102–3
wing aspect ratio studied by, 101
Western Europe, 67–68
whirling arm, 8
Whittle, Frank, 231
wind tunnel
as aeronautical test device, 102–3
propeller research in, 222
Wright brothers constructing, 108,–9
wing flaps
aerodynamic drag/shorter runways with, 123–25
configurations of, 124
wings. See also rigid wings
airfoils and, 110
aspect ratio of, 101
of biplanes, 41
biplane’s primary structure of, 97
cantilevered, 115
delta, 133
dihedral idea, 98–99
Douglas DC-2 loading on, 122–23
fat, 115
fixed, 39
Fokker F-10A and, 117
fuselage supporting, 57
jetliner spoilers on, 172
Junkers thick, 112
monoplanes low, 54
more lift on one, 151
multi-cellular, 126
panels, 90
plywood-skinned, 118–19
spars on, 270
struts on, 113–14
thick/aerodynamic separation of, 116
wing sweep
Boeing B-47 first large production airplane with, 132
commercial air travel benefiting from, 133–35
Dutch roll, caused by, 134–35
high-speed flight from, 129
Jones rediscovering, 132
Mach phenomena delayed by, 131
wing warping, 155
rudder unlinked from, 165–66
Wright 1901 Glider using, 157–58
of Wright 1902 Glider, 159
world speed record, 62, 63
World War I (WW I), 64–67
commercial aviation starting after, 258–62
Fokker D.VII influential in, 66
German innovative fighter in, 66
monoplanes of, 112–13
rotary-powered fighters used in, 210–11
US entering, 64–65
wristwatches issued during, 185
World War II (WW II)
aviation scene changed by, 195–96
cockpit instruments standardized for, 176–77
Douglas DC-3 revised for, 82
fighter plane redline airspeed during, 129–30
flight technologies developed for, 128
flush riveting adopted in, 251
turbo-superchargers critical in, 228–29
vital technology of, 227
Wright 1900 Glider, 107, 156–57
Wright 1901 Glider, 143, 157–58
Wright 1902 Glider, 111
airplane invention from, 111
lateral/longitudinal