The Alienist - Caleb Carr [263]
It would all depend on finding a moment—not simply a moment in the past into which it might be nifty or quaint to plop a psychological investigator down (that had already been done, wistfully, sometimes well, but in all cases anachronistically, in examples ranging from ancient Rome to medieval England), but rather when actual scientific advances would make it genuinely plausible for such an investigator to exist. How far back in American history could I go and still be able to accurately use even the rudiments of forensic psychology in action and dialogue?
It was at this point that happy coincidences, those partners of any lucky historical novelist, began to appear. It was clear that the earliest I could shoot for in terms of the scientific roots of the tale would be the period during which William James established his psychological laboratory, the first in the United States, at Harvard: the 1870s. True, there had been alienists and other American mental specialists before then, but they were, to a very large extent, rogues, each the advocate of his own system. As a result, none of them had been taught systematically (if they had been taught at all): The academic terrain was conceded to the great German pioneers.
James changed all this, not because he was interested in legal or criminal psychology (he wasn’t; indeed, he was troubled by attempts to take psychological principles so far out of the functional world and into such a dynamic and behavioral world as crime), but because his influence was so universal. You simply could not be a true psychologist in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century without having processed James, without having read and decided where you stood on his Principles of Psychology, the almost unbelievably massive text that was the first truly comprehensive American work of its kind.
I was already inclined to set my story in the city in which I’d been born and grown up, New York, largely because I wanted to help immortalize those ever-threatened parts of the town (was there ever so abused a law as the National Historic Preservation Act, or, more familiarly, the Landmarks Act, of 1966?) that were left, and to do the same for the brief but important period during the 1890s when Theodore Roosevelt (the American leader who has always fascinated me most) was president of the city’s board of police commissioners. Immersed in the facts of TR’s life as I had been in my youth, I figured that there was a good chance that he’d been an undergraduate at Harvard when James had started his psychology laboratory there; but, in the event, my luck was even better than mere coincidence of timing. Roosevelt had actually studied under James—not psychology, true, but comparative anatomy. Which meant that the two main human agents of the historical forces that I wanted to portray (psychology’s advance into the dynamic realm and modern criminological evolution in New York City) could be located in one place and time as backstory, and thus portrayed as personal acquaintances, crossing paths at regular intervals.
All I needed were several fictional characters to fill out the other aspects of the same historical forces and to place them in one historical stewpot, and I’d be under way. Thus were born John Schuyler Moore and Laszlo Kreizler: Moore, the boyhood friend of and fellow Harvard undergraduate to Theodore Roosevelt, and Kreizler, the foreign-born protagonist of the tale as well as the talented but troubled protégé of the great James. Each of them was a conduit into an important world: Moore, as a crime reporter and reprobate, into the city’s nefarious underbelly, and Kreizler, as a crusading alienist, into the madhouses, prisons, and ghettos. Other, subsidiary characters followed: Sara Howard, the aspiring female detective; the Isaacson brothers, masters of the new forensic science; Stevie Taggert