The Believing Brain - Michael Shermer [187]
12. Benjamin Libet, “Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action,” Behavior and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 529–66.
13. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Ethology: The Biology of Behavior, trans. Erich Kinghammer (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
14. Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003).
15. S. Werner and H. Elke, “On the Function of Warning Coloration: A Black and Yellow Pattern Inhibits Prey-Attack by Naive Domestic Chicks,” Behavior Ecology and Sociobiology 16 (1985): 249.
16. D. W. Pfennig, W. R. Harcombe, and K. S. Pfennig, “Frequency-Dependent Batesian Mimicry,” Nature 410, no. 323 (March 15, 2001).
17. V. Sourjik and H. C. Berg, “Receptor Sensitivity in Bacterial Chemotaxis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 99, no. 1 (January 8, 2002): 123–27.
18. Niko Tinbergen, Animal Behavior (New York: Time Inc., 1965).
19. Deirdre Barrett, Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
20. Ibid., 41.
21. Ibid., 122.
22. R. V. Exline and L. C. Winter, “Affection Relations and Mutual Gaze in Dyads,” in Affect, Cognition, and Personality: Empirical Studies, ed. Silvan S. Tonkin and Carroll E. Inyard (New York: Springer, 1965).
23. J. B. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement,” Psychological Monographs 80, no. 1 (1966): 1–28.
24. G. N. Marshall et al., “The Five-Factor Model of Personality as a Framework for Personality-Health Research,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 2 (August 1994): 278–86; J. Tobacyk and G. Milford, “Belief in Paranormal Phenomena: Assessment Instrument Development and Implications for Personality Functioning,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, no. 5 (May 1983): 1029–37.
25. Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic, Science, and Religion (New York: Doubleday, 1954), 139–40.
26. Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Times (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1997), 295–96.
27. These studies are cited in Jennifer A. Whitson and Adam D. Galinsky, “Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception,” Science 322 (October 3, 2008): 115–17.
28. Susan Blackmore and Rachel Moore, “Seeing Things: Visual Recognition and Belief in the Paranormal,” European Journal of Parapsychology 10 (1994): 91–103.
29. J. Musch and K. Ehrenberg, “Probability Misjudgment, Cognitive Ability, and Belief in the Paranormal,” British Journal of Psychology 93, no. 2 (May 2002): 169–77; Peter Brugger, Theodor Landis, and Marianne Regard, “A ‘Sheep-Goat Effect’ in Repetition Avoidance: Extra-Sensory Perception as an Effect of Subjective Probability?” British Journal of Psychology 81 (1990): 455–68.
30. Whitson and Galinsky, “Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception.”
31. Satoshi Kanazawa, “Outcome or Expectancy? Antecedent of Spontaneous Causal Attribution,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 6 (1992): 659–68; B. Weiner, “‘Spontaneous’ Causal Thinking,” Psychological Bulletin 97, no. 1 (1985): 74–84; H. H. Kelley, Attribution in Social Interaction (Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1971).
32. D. L. Hamilton and S. J. Sherman, “Perceiving Persons and Groups,” Psychological Review 103, no. 2 (1996): 336–55.
33. This research, and many others like it, are nicely summarized in Ellen Langer’s latest book, Counterclockwise: Mindful Health and the Power of Possibility (New York: Ballantine Books, 2009).
34. Association for the Treatment and Training in the Attachment of Children, http://www.ATTACh.org/.
35. Jean Mercer, Larry Sarner, and Linda Rosa, Attachment Therapy on Trial: The Torture and Death of Candace Newmaker (New York: Praeger, 2003). See also the Web site for Advocates for Children in Therapy, http://www.ChildrenInTherapy.org/.
Chapter 5: Agenticity
1. The concept of agenticity is derived, in part, from what the philosopher Daniel Dennett