The Box - Marc Levinson [161]
9. William L. Worden, Cargoes: Matson’s First Century in the Pacific (Honolulu, 1955), p. 120.
10. Ibid., pp. 114–120; Fitzgerald, “A History of Containerization,” pp. 39–41.
11. Matson’s caution was described in author’s telephone interview with Leslie A. Harlander, November 2, 2004. Observation about hiding pedigrees is from Cushing interview. On Weldon’s background, see statement of Matson president Stanley Powell, Jr., U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Cargo Container Dimensions, November 1, 1967, pp. 48–49. Weldon comment appears in his “Cargo Containerization in the West Coast-Hawaiian Trade,” Operations Research 6 (September-October 1958): 650.
12. Weldon, “Cargo Containerization,” p. 652–655.
13. Ibid., p. 661–663.
14. Les Harlander, interview by Arthur Donovan and Andrew Gibson, June 19, 1997, COHP.
15. Harlander interview, COHP; letter, Keith Tantlinger to George D. Saunders, December 3, 1992 (copy in possession of author). In the letter, Tantlinger states, “I caught Les Harlander prowling the vessel to apparently see what he could learn, and I asked him to leave the ship.” In a telephone interview with the author, November 2, 2004, Harlander recalled that he had visited the ship as a guest of Pan-Atlantic.
16. Harlander interview, COHP; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, The PACECO Container Crane, brochure prepared for dedication of national historic mechanical engineering landmark, Alameda, California, May 5, 1983. Details of the antiswing device are in L. A. Harlander, “Engineering Development of a Container System for the West Coast-Hawaiian Trade,” Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 68 (1960): 1079.
17. Harlander interview, COHP; Harlander, “Engineering Development,” p. 1053. The containers apparently were well made; in 1981, 23 years after they were built, 85 percent of the original production run of 600 containers were still in service. Harlander interview, COHP.
18. Negotiations with PACECO are recounted in Harlander interview, COHP; the lashing system is described in Harlander, “Engineering Development,” p. 1084.
19. Foster Weldon, “Operational Simulation of a Freighter Fleet,” in National Research Council, Research Techniques in Marine Transportation, Publication 720 (Washington, DC, 1959), pp. 21–27.
20. Fitzgerald, “A History of Containerization,” p. 47; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, The PACECO Container Crane.
21. Leslie A. Harlander, “Further Developments of a Container System for the West Coast-Hawaiian Trade,” Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 69 (1961): 7–14; Fitzgerald, “A History of Containerization,” pp. 57–59; Worden, Cargoes, pp. 143–144.
22. Benjamin Chinitz, for example, devoted only a couple of mentions to containerization, predicting in 1960 that “in the next few decades” few places would have piggyback (container on railcar) service and even fewer would have maritime service with containers; see Freight and the Metropolis: The Impact of America’s Transport Revolution on the New York Region (Cambridge, MA, 1960), pp. 83, 86, and 161. Jerome L. Goldman, “Designed to Cut Cargo-Handling Costs,” Marine Engineering/Log (1958), p. 43. McLean Industries, Annual Reports, 1957–60; Campbell interview; John Niven, American President Lines and Its Forebears, 1848–1984 (Newark, DE, 1987), p. 211; Grace’s plans were described in U.S. Department of Commerce, Annual Report of the Federal Maritime Board and Maritime Administration, 1958, p. 4; Edward A. Morrow, “All-Container Ship Welcomed by Port on Her Debut,” NYT, January 13, 1960; John P. Callahan, “Container Vessel on First Run,” NYT, January 30, 1960; “Grace Initiates Seatainer Service,” Marine Engineering/Log (1960), p. 55; Harold B. Meyers, “The Maritime Industry’s Expensive New Box,” Fortune, November 1967. The ILA may have been behind Venezuelan dockers’ refusal to handle Grace’s containers; see George Panitz, “NY Dockers Map Annual Wage Drive,” JOC, December 20, 1961.
23. PNYA, Annual