The Box - Marc Levinson [172]
38. Jensen, Strife on the Waterfront, pp. 271–279.
39. “Statement by the Mediators,” “Mediators’ Proposal,” and “Memorandum of Settlement,” mimeographed, January 20, 1963; Congressional Record, January 22, 1963, p. 700; Herald Tribune, September 12, 1963, p. 27.
40. New York Department of Marine and Aviation, press release, January 23, 1961, Wagner Papers, Reel 40532, Frame 357; Remarks by Mayor Robert F. Wagner, August 30 1962, Wagner Papers, Reel 40532, Frame 457; Walter Hamshar, “Face-Lift for the Waterfront,” Herald Tribune, November 2, 1963; Minutes of New York City Council on Port Development and Promotion, November 18, 1963, Wagner Papers, Reel 40532, Frame 728; John P. Callahan, “Automation Fear Haunts Dockers,” NYT, June 9, 1964. Gleason comment in Jensen, Strife on the Waterfront, p. 301. The comments of Philip Ross also are relevant; by 1964, he argues, ILA leaders believed that the government would not tolerate further strikes, especially where featherbedding was involved. See Ross, “Waterfront Labor Response,” p. 404.
41. James J. Reynolds, chairman, Theodore W. Kheel, and James J. Healy, “Recommendation on Manpower Utilization, Job Security and Other Disputed Issues for the Port of New York,” September 25, 1964. The ILA’s reaction appeared in the Brooklyn Longshoreman, September 1964. Jensen argues, probably correctly, that Gleason wanted to avoid a strike in his first negotiation as union president, but that he lacked the power to deliver; see Strife on the Waterfront, p. 307.
42. On the Johnson administration’s concerns about labor settlements increasing inflation, see Edwin L. Dale Jr., “Johnson Voices Inflation Fear,” NYT, May 10, 1964. Quotation is from ILA Local 1814, “Shop Stewards Information Bulletin,” December 17, 1964, ILA Files, Collection 55, Box 1.
43. George Panitz, “New York Pier Talks Hit Surprising Snag,” JOC, January 5, 1965; Gleason interview by Debra Bernhardt. The local-by-local tally on the vote was published in the Congressional Record, January 12, 1965, p. 582. The settlement in the South Atlantic and Gulf ports reduced minimum gang sizes there to eighteen; see George Home, “2 Southern Lines in Dockers’ Pact,” NYT, February 17, 1965. Despite the ILA agreement, local disputes over manning in Boston led Sea-Land to cancel plans to open service there; see Alan F. Schoedel, “Boston Talks in Deadlock,” JOC, June 29, 1966, “Boston Containership Handling Dispute Ends,” JOC, August 4, 1966, and “No Progress Reported in Boston Port Dispute,” JOC, November 22, 1966.
44. The U.S. Department of Labor’s broad concerns are laid out in Norman G. Pauling, “Some Neglected Areas of Research on the Effects of Automation and Technological Change on Workers,” Journal of Business 37, no. 3 (1964): 261–273. Following an international conference in London in December 1962, the American Foundation on Automation and Employment published “A Report to the President of the United States,” April 30, 1963. The labor movement’s official view is in Arnold Beichman, “Facing Up to Automation’s Problems,” AFL-CIO Free Trade Union News 18, no. 2 (1963). On the UAW, see Reuben E. Slesinger, “The Pace of Automation: An American View,” Journal of Industrial Economics 6, no. 3 (1958): 254, esp. Kennedy’s comments were made at a press conference on February 14, 1962. For an interesting discussion of automation issues in the context of the printing industry, which presents many similar issues, see Michael Wallace and Arne L. Kalleberg, “Industrial Transformation and the Decline of Craft: The Decomposition of Skill in the Printing Industry, 1931–1978,” American Sociological Review 47, no. 3 (1982): 307–324.
45. Ben B. Seligman, Most Notorious Victory: Man in an Age of Automation (New York, 1966), pp. 227 and 231; Juanita M. Kreps, Automation and Employment (New York, 1964), p. 20.
46. Seligman, Most Notorious Victory,