The Box - Marc Levinson [191]
13. Clark, Dollar, and Micco, “Port Efficiency,” p. 422.
14. Increase in shipping volume cited in Carruthers and Bajpai, “Trends in Trade and Logistics,” p. 12; on Hamburg, see Dieter Läpple, “Les mutations des ports maritimes et leurs implications pour les dockers et les regions portuaires: l’exemple de Hambourg,” in Dockers de la Méditerranée, p. 55.
15. Claude Comtois and Peter J. Rimmer, “China’s Competitive Push for Global Trade,” in Pinder and Slack, Shipping and Ports, pp. 40–61, offer an interesting discussion of the logic behind Chinese port development.
16. Clark, Dollar, and Micco, “Port Efficiency,” p. 441.
17. Gibson and Donovan, The Abandoned Ocean, articulate in detail the connection between U.S. maritime policy and the decline of American shipping.
18. Chinitz, Freight and the Metropolis, pp. 161–162 and p. 100. For examples of such studies, see A. D. Little, “Containerisation on the North Atlantic,” and Litton Systems, “Oceanborne Shipping.”
19. Container data estimated from UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2004, pp. 73–76, and Institute for Shipping and Logistics, “Shipping Statistics and Market Review” (Bremen, 2004).
20. Jeffrey C. Mays, “Newark Sees Cash in Containers,” Star-Ledger, February 4, 2004; Natural Resources Defense Council, “Harboring Pollution: The Dirty Truth about U.S. Ports” (New York, 2004); Deborah Schoch, “Pollution Task Force to Meet for Last Time on L.A. Port,” Los Angeles Times, June 21, 2005.
21. Institute for Shipping and Logistics, “ISL Market Analysis 2005: World Merchant Fleet, OECD Shipping and Shipbuilding,” viewed July 31, 2005 at http://www.isl.org/products_services/publications/pdf/comment_1–2-2005_short.pdf; Richard C. Roenbeck, “Containership Losses Due to Head-Sea Parametric Rolling: Implications for Cargo Insurers” (paper presented to International Union of Marine Insurers, 2003), available at http://www.iumi.com/Conferences/2003_sevilla/1609/RRoenbeck.pdf. Among the early proposals for offshore ports was one at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, off the northern coast of Scotland. As envisioned, huge ships arriving from Asia or North America would make such a location their only port of call in northern Europe; the savings in ships’ port time and sailing time were estimated to more than make up for the additional cost of transshipping the containers. See Scottish Executive, “Container Transshipment and Demand for Container Terminal Capacity in Scotland” (prepared by Transport Research Institute, Napier University, December 2003).
Bibliography
Archival Collections
Containerization Oral History Project, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
International Longshoremen’s Association District 1 Files, 1954–56, Kheel Center, Catherwood Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
International Longshoremen’s Association Files, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, New York, NY.
Mayor Abraham Beame Papers, New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY.
Mayor John V. Lindsay Papers, New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY.
Mayor Robert F. Wagner Papers, New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY.
National Archives and Records Administration, Modern Military Records Branch, College Park, MD.
Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC.
Penn Central Transportation Company Archives, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE.
Port of New York Authority records (Doig Files), New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, NJ.
Regional Oral History Program, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Robert B. Meyner Papers, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, NJ.
Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University,