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et al., “Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home,” New England Journal of Medicine 329 (1993): 1084-92; Howard Schubiner et al., “Exposure to Violence Among Inner-City Youth,” Journal of Adolescent Health 14 (1993): 214—19; Joseph Sheley et al., “Gun-related Violence in and Around Inner-City Schools,” American Journal ofDiseasesof Children 146 (1992): 677-82; Colin Loftin et al., “Effects of Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on Homicide ... ,” New England Journal of Medicine 325 (1991): 1615—20; D. Weatherburn, “Gun Control and Homicide,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 28 (1995): 116—20; Patrick O‘Carroll et al., “Preventing Homicide,” American Journal of Public Health 81 (1991): 576-81; William Bratton, “Mr. Heston, the Police Are Not the Enemy,” New York Times, 20 June 1998, p. A20; Richard Alba and Steven Messner, “Point-blank Against Itself,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 11 (1995): 391-410; David Lester and Antoon Leenaars, “Gun Control and Rates of Firearms Violence in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Criminology 36 (1994): 463-64. Dunblane upshot: “Heaven’s Door,” Time, 6 January 1997, p. 133.

59 Scheer, “Violence Is Us” (contains Bochco remark); Charles Anderson, “Violence in Television Commercials During Nonviolent Programming,” Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1 October 1997): 1045-46.

60 George Gerbner, “Violence and Terror in and by the Media,” in M. Raboy and B. Dagenais, eds., Media, Crisis and Democracy (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), pp. 94-107. See also Nancy Signorielli, “Television’s Mean and Dangerous World,” in N. Signorielli and M. Morgan, eds., Cultivation Analysis (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990), pp. 85-106; Marilyn Elias, “Watching TV News Can Shake Up Kids,” USA Today, 18 August 1998, p. D 1. Evidence that people’s feelings about crime follow from what they see in the media: Jeffrey Alderman, “Leading the Public,” Public Perspective 5 (1994): 26-27; Cheryl Russell, “True Crime,” American Demographics (August 1995): 22-32. George Gerbner, “Television Violence,” in G. Dines and J. Humez, eds., Gender, Race and Class in Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 547-57 (quote on p. 553).

61 George Gerbner, “The Politics of Media Violence,” in Hamelink and Linne, Mass Communication Research, pp. 133—45. For another example of the reception to his ideas see TV Guide, “Violence on Television,” symposium sponsored by TV Guide in 1992, subsequently published in pamphlet form.

62 Mark Warr, “Fear of Victimization,” Public Perspective5 (1993): 25-28; Joan Barthel, “How Crime Has Victimized Us Over-50s,” New Choices for Retirement Living 34 (1994): 18-25; “Older Women’s Fear,” segment on Cable News Network, 6 September 1994; Mohsen Bazargan, “The Effects of Health, Environmental, and Socio-Psychological Variables on Fear of Crime ... ,” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 38 (1994): 99-115; Arthur Patterson, “Fear of Crime ... ”Journalof Architectural and Planning Research 2 (1985): 277-88; Glen Allen, “A Dark Season of Fear,” Maclean’s 102 (6 November 1989): 18-19; Neal Krause, “Stress and Isolation from Close Ties in Later Life,” Journal of Gerontology 46 (1991): 183-95; “Behind the Numbers,” Modern Maturity 38 (May—June 1995): 93-94. See also Alderman, “Leading the Public.”

63 Judith Gaines, “Crimes Against Elderly Put Them in a Prison of Fears,” Boston Globe, 22 June 1994, p. 1; John Hurst, “Crime and the Elderly of L.A.,” Los Angeles Times, 24 October 1994, p. B1. On earlier overreporting of crimes against the elderly see Mark Fishman, “Crime Waves as Ideology,” Social Problems 25 (1978): 531-43.

64 Statistic from Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Elderly Crime Victims,” Washington, DC, March 1994. Quotes from “Rosa Parks’s Mugging,” Washington Post, 4 September 1994, p. C6. For other portrayals of the elderly as particularly vulnerable see Jon Jeter, “Slaying Heightens Anxiety Among Elderly,” Washington Post, 24 November 1994, p.A1; Bill McClellan, “Vulnerable Victim Can Set Stage for Perfect Crime,” St. Louis