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49 Debbie Howlett, “Chicago Tot’s Young Killers Test System,” USA Today, 28 November 1995, p. 3A; FBI Uniform Crime reports, 1985-1995, Washington, DC; Robin Templeton, “First, We Kill All the 11-Year-Olds,” Salon, 27 May 1998; Annette Fuentes, “The Crackdown on Kids,” Nation, 15 June 1998, pp. 20-22 (contains Justice quote).

50 Wilkerson, “2 Boys, a Debt.”

51 Margaret Tinsley, “You and Your Family,” Daily Telegraph, 26 February 1993, p. 3.

52 Ibid.

53 Bob Dole, “Clinton’s Boast on Crime Misses Real Story,” USA Today, 7 November 1995, p. 13A; Ron Harris, “A Nation’s Children in Lockup,” Los Angeles Times, 22 August 1993, pp. A1, 20-21; Ira Schwartz, Shenyang Guo, and John Kerbs, “The Impact of Demographic Variables on Public Opinion Regarding Juvenile Justice,” Crime and Delinquency 39 (1993): 5-28; Bruce Shapiro, “The Adolescent Lockup,” Nation, 7 July 1997, pp. 6-7; Fox Butterfield, “Profits at Juvenile Prisons Earned at Chilling Cost,” New York Times, 15 July 1998, pp. A1, 14.

54 Steven Donziger, “Fear, Crime, and Punishments in the U.S.,” Tikkun 12, no. 6 (1997): 24-27, 77; idem, “The Hard Cell,” New York, 9 June 1997, pp. 26-28; Bruce Shapiro, “Portfolio Prisons,” Nation, 20 October 1997, pp. 4-5; Eric Bates, “Private Prisons” and “Private Prisons, Cont.,” Nation, 5 January 1998, pp. 11-18, and 4 May 1998, p. 5.

55 ABC, “World News Tonight,” 22 February 1995.

56 Mike Males and Faye Docuyanan, “Crackdown on Kids,” Progressive, February 1996, pp. 24-26; Robin Templeton, “Superscapegoating,” Extra, January 1998, pp. 13-14; Maria Puente, “Law Getting Tougher on Children,” USA Today, 1 April 1998, p. A3; David Moore, “Majority Advocate Death Penalty for Teenage Killers,” Gallup Poll Monthly, September 1994, pp. 2-7.

57 David Anderson, “When Should Kids Go to Jail?” American Prospect (May 1998): 72-78; Barry Glassner et al., “A Note on the Deterrent Effect of Juvenile vs. Adult Jurisdiction,” SocialProblems 31 (1983): 219-21; David Savage, “Florida’s Tough Teen Crime Stance May Be Wrong Cure,” Los Angeles Times, 11 July 1996, pp. A1, 14; Russell Eisenman, “Characteristics of Adolescent Felons in a Prison Treatment Program,” Adolescence 28 (1993): 695-99; Lawrence Sherman, “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance,” Journal ofResearchin Crime and Delinquency 30 (1993): 445—73; Jerome Miller, “Juvenile Justice: Facts vs. Anger,” New York Times, 15 August 1998, p. A23; Carl Keane et al., “Deterrence and Amplification of Juvenile Delinquency by Police Contact,” British Journal of Criminology 29 (1989): 336-52; Harris, “Nation’s Children in Lockup.”

58 Jan Fisher, “Prison Boot Camps Offer No Quick Fix,” New York Times, 10 April 1994, p. 11; Joe Davidson, “Boot Camps for Young Criminals Lose Favor,” Wall Street Journal,18 April 1997, p. A20; “The Bust in Boot Camps,” Newsweek, 21 February 1994, p. 26; Doris MacKenzie and Alex Piquero, “The Impact of Shock Incarceration Programs on Prison Crowding,” Crime and Delinquency 40 (1994): 222-49; Merry Morash and Lila Rucker, “A Critical Look at the Idea of Boot Camp as a Correctional Reform,” Crime and Delinquency 36 (1990): 204-22.

59 Later that year another page-one story in the Times, this time about youth violence in a housing project in New Orleans, began, “Once, before the children had guns, she could see them running from her stoop as if her voice were thunder and her accusing finger were lightning ...“ Rick Bragg, “Where a Child on the Stoop Can Strike Fear,” New York Times, 2 December 1994, pp. A1, 10.

60 Truman quoted in William Hillman, Mr. President (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1952). Violence against Chinese: David Zucchino, “Today’s Violent Crime Is Old Story with a Twist,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 30 October 1994, p. 1. Other historical items: Ruskin Teeter, “Coming of Age on the City Streets in 19th Century America,” Adolescence 23 (1988): 909-12. See also Cheng-Tsu Wu, “Chink!” (New York: Meridian, 1972); Thomas Bernard, The Cycle of Juvenile