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Medical Costs of Gunshot Injuries in the United States,” Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (1999): 447—54; Jeffrey Coben and Claudia Steiner, “Hospitalizations for Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 24 (2003): 1-8; Naomi Duke, Michael Resnick et al., “Adolescent Firearm Violence,” Journal of Adolescent Health 37 (2005): 171-74.

45 Gary Fields, “Going After Crimes—and Guns,” Wall StreetJournal,5 August 2008. See also, Timothy Egan, “The Guns of Spring,” New York Times, 8 April 2009.

46 Brent Cunningham, “Re-thinking Objectivity,” Columbia Journalism Review, July-August 2003; David Altheide, “Terrorism and the Politics of Fear,” Cultural Studies-Criminal Methodologies 6 (2006): 431-432.

47 M. Engel, “War On Afghanistan: American Media Cowed By Patriotic Fever, Says Network News Veteran,” Guardian, 17 May 2002.

48 David L. Altheide, “Consuming Terrorism,” Symbolic Interaction 27 (2004): 289-308.

49 Nancy Snow, “Media Terrorism and the Politics of Fear,” The World Association for Christian Communication website. Available at: http://www.waccglobal.org/lang-en/publications/media-development/46-2007-3/465-Media-terrorism-and-the-politics-of fear.html.

50 John Mueller, Overblown (New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 13 (and see numerous other comparisons throughout Mueller’s book).

51 Luke Mitchell et al., “At Issue in the 2004 Election,” Harper’s Magazine, 1 March 2004.

52 George Bush, White House Press Conference, 14 September 2001; address to Congress, 20 September 2001; “State of the Union Address,” 29 January 2002. See also, Mark S. Hamm, “The USA Patriot Act and the Politics of Fear,” in Cultural Criminology Unleashed (Portland, OR: Cavendish Publishing, 2004).

53 Department of Homeland Security, Strategic Plan. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/strategicplan/; George Bush, TheDepartment of Homeland Security, June 2002. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov./xlibrary/assets/book.pdf.

54 Phillip Zimbardo, “Phantom Menace: Is Washington Terrorizing Us More Than A1 Qaeda?” Psychology Today, May/June 2003; Robb Willer, “The Effects of Government-Issued Terror Warnings on Presidential Approval,” Current Research in Social Psychology 10 (2004): 1-12; Tom Ridge, The Test of Our Times (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2009).

55 Gregg Easterbrook, “The Smart Way to Be Scared,” New York Times, 16 February 2003; Matt Palmquist, “Bioterror in Context,” Miller-McClune, June-July 2008, pp. 72-76.

56 Palmquist, “Bioterror in Context,” p. 74.

57 Tony Karon, “The Dirty Bomb Scenario,” Time, 10 June 2002. John Ashcroft, transcript of Moscow announcement on June 8, 2002, available at: http://archives.cnncom/2002/US/06/10/ashcroft.announcement; Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, available at: http://www.nationalacademies.org/ocga/Laws/PL107_188.asp; Council on Foreign Relations, “Dirty Bombs,” updated 19 October 2006, available at: http://www.Cfr.org/publications/9548/#5 Mark Hamm, “The USA Patriot Act and the Politics of Fear,” in Cultural Criminology Unleashed (Portland, OR: Cavendish Publishing, 2004), p. 2296.

58 “National Planning Scenarios: Executive Summaries,” April 2005, available at: http://cees.tamiu.edu/covertheborder/TOOLS/NationalPlanningSen.pdf.

59 Josef Joffe, “Here’s How America Looks to the World,” Washington Post, 4 May 2008.

60 Hamm, “The USA Patriot Act,” pp. 288, 292.

61 “The Politics of Fear” (editorial), New York Times, 18 July 2007; Frank Rich, “The Terrorist Barack Hussein Obama,” New York Times, 12 October 2008.

62 Timothy Noah, “What We Didn’t Overcome” (parts 1 and 2), Slate, November 10 and 12,2008.

63 CNN, “Larry King Live,” 21 January 2009; Andrew Penner and Aliya Saperstein, “How Social Status Shapes Race,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences105 (2008): 1962-1963.

64 Lincoln Quillian and Devah Pager, “Estimating Risk: Biased Social Perception and the Likelihood of Criminal Victimization” (unpublished manuscript), Northwestern University, 2009.

65 Regarding racial profiling,