The Dirt on Clean - Katherine Ashenburg [115]
151 Goubert, Conquest of Water, 89.
153 Elisabeth Donaghy Garrett, At Home: The American Family 1750–1870 (New York: Abrams, 1990), 132.
155 Virginia Woolf, “Beau Brummell,” in Collected Essays (London:
Hogarth Press, 1967), 3:189.
CHAPTER SIX
BATHS AND HOW TO TAKE THEM: EUROPE, 1815–1900
161 Charles Dickens … “as it is set up here!”: Charles Dickens, The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Graham Storey and K. J. Fielding (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 5:583; 6:520, 502, 543, 574.
164 “Baths and How to Take Them”: Harriet N. Austin, M.D., quoted in Jacqueline S. Wilkie, “Submerged Sensuality: Technology and Perceptions of Bathing,” Journal of Social History 19 (Summer 1986): 661, n. 15.
164 the skin’s respiratory function … crucial to health and even to life: Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness, 169–72.
165 Hippolyte Taine: Hippolyte Taine, Notes on England, trans. Edward Hyams (London: Thames and Hudson, 1957), 148–50.
166 London’s Common Council: Wright, Clean and Decent, 138.
166 The master of a Cambridge college: Reynolds, Cleanliness and Godliness, 117–18.
166 Queen Victoria: Wright, Clean and Decent, 139.
167 When personal daintiness: Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), 256. 167 Hot piped water: Judith Flanders, The Victorian House (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 286–88.
167 Lord Ernest Hamilton … an occasional aquarium: David Rubinstein, ed., Victorian Homes (London: David and Charles, 1974), 85–86.
168 The Habits of Good Society. … “should be so”: The Habits of Good Society, 110–14, 119.
170 Lady Buckingham: Girouard, English Country House, 241.
170 Church Lane: M. W. Flinn, “Introduction,” to Edwin Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965), 4–5.
171 Chadwick quoted a doctor … “as black as your hat”: Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition, 214, 316, 315.
172 (box) The Water Babies: Charles Kingsley, The Water Babies (London: Macmillan, 1886), 3–4, 17, 28–32, 65, 371.
175 Kitty Wilkinson … private bath compartments and a laundry: Marcus Binney, Hana Laing and Alastair Laing, Taking the Plunge: The Architecture of Bathing (London: Save Britain’s Heritage, n.d.), 12–14.
175 Within six years: Agnes Campbell, Report on Public Baths and Wash-Houses in the United Kingdom (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1918), 4.
175 In the first few decades … “the needful strength”: Campbell, Report on Public Baths, 4–6, 20, 37–38.
176 Beyond religious affiliation: Witold Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (New York: Penguin, 1987), 143.
177 Lady Diana Cooper … “faded away into the elements”: Rubinstein, Victorian Homes, 48–50.
178 Lady Fry: Jill Franklin, The Gentleman’s Country House and Its Plan 1835–1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), 112.
178 Between 1800 and 1850 … going out to bathe: Brian K. Ladd, “Public Baths and Civic Improvement in Nineteenth–-Century German Cities,” Journal of Urban History 14, no. 3 (May 1988), 375–80, 389.
179 Stuttgart’s bathhouse: Marilyn Thornton Williams, Washing “the Great Unwashed”: Public Baths in Urban America, 1840–1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), 9.
179 Cologne’s Hohenstaufenbad: Ladd, “Public Baths,” 378–80.
182 one turn–-of–-the–-century survey … 66 million marks a year: Ladd, “Public Baths,” 382–88. See also Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History, trans. Siegfried Giedion and Martin James (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), 676–81.
182 An American sanitary engineer: William Gerhard, On Bathing and Different Forms of Baths (New York: William Comstock, 1895), 21.
182 Vienna, Frankfurt: Ladd, “Public Baths,” 386–87.
183 establishment of a chair: Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness, 180–81.
184 Frances Trollope: Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness, 180.
184 Charles François Mallet: Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness, 181.
186 Stéphane Mallarmé: De Bonneville,