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Home Journal, September, 1960.) However unpleasantly injurious to American pride, there must be some explanation for the collapse of the American GI prisoners in Korea, as it differed not only from the behavior of American soldiers in previous wars, but from the behavior of soldiers of other nations in Korea. No American soldier managed to escape from the enemy prison camps, as they had in every other war. The shocking 38 per cent death rate was not explainable, even according to military authorities, on the basis of the climate, food, or inadequate medical facilities in the camps, nor was it caused by brutality or torture. “Give-up-itis” is how one doctor described the disease the Americans died from; they simply spent the days curled up under blankets, cutting down their diet to water alone, until they were dead, usually within three weeks. This seemed to be an American phenomenon. Turkish prisoners, who were also part of the UN force in Korea, lost no men by disease or starvation; they stuck together, obeyed their officers, adhered to health regulations, cooperated in the care of their sick, and refused to inform on one another.

7. Edgar Friedenberg, The Vanishing Adolescent, pp. 212 ff.

8. Andras Angyal, M.D., “Evasion of Growth,” American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 110, No. 5, November, 1953, pp. 358—361. See also Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, pp. 138—206.

9. See Richard E. Gordon and Katherine K. Gordon, “Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1959, 77:5, pp. 1074-1083; also Richard E. Gordon and Katherine K. Gordon, “Psychiatric Problems of a Rapidly Growing Suburb,” American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1958, Vol. 79; “Psychosomatic Problems of a Rapidly Growing Suburb,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 1959, 170:15; and “Social Psychiatry of a Mobile Suburb,” International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1960, 6:1, 2, pp. 89—99. Some of these findings were popularized in the composite case histories of The Split Level Trap, written by the Gordons in collaboration with Max Gunther (New York, 1960).

10. Richard E. Gordon,’ sociodynamics and Psychotherapy,” A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, April, 1959, Vol. 81, pp. 486—503.

11. Adelaide M. Johnson and S. A. Szurels, “The Genesis of Antisocial Acting Out in Children and Adults,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1952, 21:323—343.

12. Ibid.

13. Beata Rank, “Adaptation of the Psychoanalytical Technique for the Treatment of Young Children with Atypical Development,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, XIX, 1, January, 1949.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Beata Rank, Marian C. Putnam, and Gregory Rochlin, M.D., “The Significance of the “Emotional Climate” in Early Feeding Difficulties,” Psychosomatic Medicine, X, 5, October, 1948.

17. Richard E. Gordon and Katherine K. Gordon, “Social Psychiatry of a Mobile Suburb,” op. cit., pp. 89—100.

18. Ibid.

19. Oscar Sternbach,’ sex Without Love and Marriage Without Responsibility,” an address presented at the 38th Annual Conference of The Child Study Association of America, March 12, 1962, New York City (mimeo ms.).

20. Bruno Bettelheim, The Informed Heart—Autonomy in a Mass Age, Glencoe, Ill., 1960.

21. Ibid., pp. 162—169.

22. Ibid., p. 231.

23. Ibid., pp. 233 ff.

24. Ibid., p. 265.

Chapter 13. THE FORFEITED SELF

1. Rollo May, “The Origins and Significance of the Existential Movement in Psychology,” in Existence, A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology, Rollo May, Ernest Angel and Henri F. Ellenberger, eds., New York, 1958, pp. 30 ff. (See also Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, pp. 269 ff.; A. H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, New York, 1954; David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd.)

2. Rollo May, “Contributions of Existential Psychotherapy,” in Existence, A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology, p. 87.

3. Ibid., p. 52.

4. Ibid., p. 53.

5. Ibid., pp. 59 ff.

6. See Kurt Goldstein, The Organism, A Holistic Approach