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Convention to Lincoln, August 21, 1863; African Civilization Society to Lincoln, November 5, 1863, all in ALP; National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 17, 1864; Weekly Anglo-African, May 14, 1864; Washington National Intelligencer, August 6, 1864; Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (Chapel Hill, 1998), 218; Michael Vorenberg, “Slavery Reparations in Theory and Practice,” in Brian Dirck, ed., Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race (DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 125–27.

20. CW, 7: 483, 506–8; John McMahon to Lincoln, August 5, 1864, ALP.

21. CW, 4: 277; James Oakes, “Natural Rights, Citizenship Rights, States’ Rights, and Black Rights: Another Look at Lincoln and Race,” in Eric Foner, ed., Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (New York, 2008), 115–16.

22. Douglass’ Monthly, 5 (February 1863), 786; Willis Boyd, “Negro Colonization in the National Crisis, 1860–1870” (unpub. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1953), 154–56; Bogue, “William Parker Cutler’s Congressional Diary,” 328.

23. Thomas S. Malcolm, Memorandum, February 4, 1863; J. P. Usher to William H. Seward, April 22, 1863; Usher to Edwin M. Stanton, April 28, 1863; Usher to John Hodge, May 11, 1863, all in Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872; Hodge to Usher, May 6 and 14, 1863, Communications Relating to Colonization in British Honduras, RG 48, NA; New York Times, May 18, 1863.

24. J. P. Usher to Lincoln, May 18, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat, August 28, 1894.

25. CW, 6: 178; 39th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 55, 27–61; Charles K. Tuckerman to Lincoln, March 31, 1863, ALP; J. P. Usher to Leonard Jerome, December 12, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA.

26. J. P. Usher to Charles K. Tuckerman, April 17 and July 8, 1863, and April 5, 1864, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; James DeLong to Henry Conrad, June 25, 1863, ALP; Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 91–92; CW, 7: 164.

27. Chicago Tribune, March 23, 1864; J. P. Usher to Lincoln, May 18, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; Michael Vorenberg, “Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization,” JALA, 14 (Summer 1993), 40–43; Michael Burlingame and John R. Ettlinger eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale, Ill., 1997), 217; Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale, Ill., 1998), 280.

28. 38th Congress, 2nd Session, House Executive Document 1, pt. 3, 310; Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, March 21, 1864; New York Herald, March 22, 1864; Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (New York, 2001), 106; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1770.

29. Heather C. Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 164–67; F. P. Stanton, “The Freedmen of the South,” Continental Monthly, 2 (December 1862), 731–32; African Repository, 40 (February 1864), 47.

30. Douglass’ Monthly, 5 (October 1862), 724–25.

31. David A. Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics (Columbia, Mo., 1978), 76–127, 175–83; OR, ser. 1, 13: 686; Alexander Ramsay to Lincoln, November 28, 1862, ALP; CW, 2: 217; 3: 511; 4: 61; 5: 493, 542–43; 6: 6–7.

32. CW, 5: 526; 6: 151–53; 7: 47–48; 8: 147; Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians, 27–41, 186–99.

33. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), 636–37. Douglas Wilson emphasizes the careful drafting and wide impact of Lincoln’s public letters. Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (New York, 2006).

34. Erastus Corning et al. to Lincoln, May 19, 1863, ALP; Philip S. Paludan, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York, 1988), 240–44; Charles