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4. Isaac N. Arnold to Lincoln, December 4, 1863, ALP; Donald, Charles Sumner, 149–50; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1483–89; David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776–1995 (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 159.

5. Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (New York, 2001), 36–49, 91; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 17, 513, 1313–14; John D. Defrees to Lincoln, February 7, 1864, ALP; CW, 7: 172–73.

6. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 761, 1419–24; Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 74–77.

7. Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 99–100; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1484, 2962; Lea S. VanderVelde, “The Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 138 (December 1989), 439.

8. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1439–40, 1465, 2989–90; VanderVelde, “Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment,” 473–74; Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 132.

9. Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,” JAH, 96 (September 2009), 397; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 523; Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1864; Alexander Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (New York, 2004), 40–45; James D. Schmidt, Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815–1880 (Athens, Ga., 1998), 114–17.

10. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1490, 2995; New York Herald, April 9, 1864; New York Times, June 17, 1864.

11. Patrick W. Riddleberger, George Washington Julian: Radical Republican (Indianapolis, 1966), 188–94; George W. Julian, Speeches on Political Questions (New York, 1872), 221–26; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 513, 3327; Chicago Tribune, January 28, 1864; James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, 1964), 247–56.

12. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 19, 709, 740, 2972; Beverly W. Palmer, ed., The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner (2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 238; Heather C. Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 230–36.

13. Allan G. Bogue, The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate (Ithaca, 1981), 189; Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion (2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 242–43; Donald, Charles Sumner, 153–61; Palmer, Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2: 247, 253.

14. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 554, 1639, 1652, 1705, 1844, 2351, 2386; Henry J. Raymond to James R. Doolittle, April 30, 1864, James R. Doolittle Papers, LC.

15. Lyman Trumbull to H. G. McPike (draft), February 6, 1864, LTP; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 439; appendix, 64.

16. Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield (2 vols.; New Haven, 1925), 1: 375; New York Times, December 23, 1863; CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 114, 1197; Hans L. Trefousse, “Owen Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War,” JALA, 22 (Winter 2001), 15–32; Springfield Weekly Republican, June 11, 1864.

17. Philip S. Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 268–69.

18. CW, 7: 281–82.

19. Benjamin B. French to Lincoln, May 5, 1864, ALP; Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 116–19; Charles B. Flood, 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History (New York, 2009), 107; McPherson, Political History, 410–14.

20. McPherson, Political History, 412–13; New York Tribune, June 1, 1864; Irving H. Bartlett, ed., “New Light on Wendell Phillips: The Community of Reform,” Perspectives in American History, 12 (1979), 175.

21. Chicago Tribune, June 1, 1864; Harper’s Weekly, June 18, 1864; Donald, Charles Sumner, 163; David E. Long, The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Re-election and the End of Slavery (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1994), 182; Hans L. Trefousse, Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill, 1997), 147.

22. Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 123–26; Independent, June 16, 1864; Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions