The Filter Bubble - Eli Pariser [105]
86 added details to their memories: Graber, Processing the News, 170.
86 Princeton versus Dartmouth: A. H. Hastorf and H. Cantril, “They Saw a Game: A Case Study,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49: 129–34.
87 experts’ predictions weren’t even close: Philip E. Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
88 a process of assimilation and accommodation: Jean Piaget, The Psychology of Intelligence (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950).
89 the idea that Obama was a Muslim: Jonathan Chait, “How Republicans Learn That Obama Is Muslim, New Republic, Aug. 27, 2010, www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/77260/how-republicans-learn-obama-muslim.
89 “actually become mis-educated”: Ibid.
89 two modified versions of “The Country Doctor”: Travis Proulx and Steven J. Heine, “Connections from Kafka: Exposure to Meaning Threats Improves Implicit Learning of an Artificial Grammar,” Psychological Science 20, no. 9 (2009): 1125–31.
90 “A severe snowstorm filled the space”: Franz Kafka, A Country Doctor (Prague: Twisted Spoon Press, 1997).
90 “Once one responds to a false alarm”: Ibid.
90 “strived to make sense”: Proulx and Heine, “Connections from Kafka.”
91 presented with an “information gap”: George Loewenstein, “The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation,” Psychological Bulletin 116, no. 1 (1994): 75–98, https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gl20/GeorgeLoewenstein/Papers_files/pdf/PsychofCuriosity.pdf.
91 “shields the searcher from such radical encounters”: Siva Vaidhyanathan, The Googlization of Everything (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011), 182.
91 “only give you answers”: Pablo Picasso, as quoted in Gerd Leonhard, Media Futurist Web site, Dec. 8, 2004, accessed Feb. 9, 2011, www.mediafuturist.com/about.html.
92 “On Adderall, I was able to work”: Joshua Foer, “The Adderall Me: My Romance with ADHD Meds,” Slate, May 10, 2005, www.slate.com/id/2118315.
92 “pressures [to use enhancing drugs] are only going to grow”: Margaret Talbot, “Brain Gain: The Underground World of ‘Neuroenhancing Drugs,’” New Yorker, Apr. 27, 2009, accessed Dec. 14, 2010, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/04/27/090427fa_fact_talbot?currentPage=all.
93 “I think ‘inside the box’ ”: Erowid Experience Vaults, accessed Dec. 14, 2010, www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=56716.
93 “a generation of very focused accountants”: Talbot, “Brain Gain.”
94 “an analogy no one has ever seen”: Arthur Koestler, Art of Creation (New York: Arkana, 1989), 82.
94 “uncovers, selects, re-shuffles, combines, synthesizes”: Ibid., 86.
95 the key to creative thought: Hans Eysenck, Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
95 box represents the solution horizon: Hans Eysenck, “Creativity and Personality: Suggestions for a Theory,” Psychological Inquiry, 4, no. 3 (1993): 147–78.
97 no idea what they’re looking for: Aharon Kantorovich and Yuval Ne’eman, “Serendipity as a Source of Evolutionary Progress in Science,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Part A, 20, no. 4: 505–29.
98 attach the candle to the wall: Karl Duncker, “On Problem Solving,” Psychological Monographs, 58 (1945).
98 reluctance to “break perceptual set”: George Katona, Organizing and Memorizing (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940).
99 creative people tend to see things: Arthur Cropley, Creativity in Education and Learning (New York: Longmans, 1967).
99 “sorted a total of 40 objects”: N. J. C. Andreases and Pauline S. Powers, “Overinclusive Thinking in Mania and Schizophrenia,” British Journal of Psychology 125 (1974): 452–56.
99 a “thing with weight”: Cropley, Creativity, 39.
100 “Stop counting—there are 43 pictures”: Richard Wiseman, The Luck Factor (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 43–44.
101 bilinguists are more creative than monolinguists: Charlan Nemeth and Julianne Kwan,