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developmental psychology literature: Ibid. Note that sociologists made this distinction earlier than developmental psychologists did. Also, thank you to Sacred Heart University psychology professor Kathryn LaFontana for discussing this issue with me.

More recently: Interview, LaFontana. See also Mayeaux. See also Rubin, Kenneth H.; Bukowski, William M.; and Parker, Jeffrey G. “Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups,” Handbook of Child Psychology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

perceived popularity: See, for example, Parkhurst, J. T. and Hopmeyer, A. “Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status,” Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol. 18, 1998.

kind and trustworthy: Ibid.

“mean popular” and “nice popular”: Interviews.

CHAPTER 3

“the girls who could model”: Interview.

overt aggression and alternative aggressions: See, for example, Rose, Amanda J.; Swenson, Lance P.; and Waller, Erika M. “Overt and Relational Aggression and Perceived Popularity: Developmental Differences in Concurrent and Prospective Relations,” Developmental Psychology, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2004.

Relational aggression: Ibid. A popular theory holds that relational aggression is the more common aggression among girls. However, Stacey S. Horn persuasively argues against dividing aggressions by gender in Horn, Stacey S. “Mean Girls or Cultural Stereotypes: Essay Review,” Human Development, 47, 2004.

relational bullying: See, for example, Coloroso, Barbara. The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander, New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

eye rolling: Ibid.

intended to harm: See, for example, Underwood, Marion K. Social Aggression Among Girls. New York: The Guilford Press, 2003.

socially incompetent: See, for example, Kiefer, Sarah M. and Ryan, Allison M. “Striving for Social Dominance Over Peers: The Implications for Academic Adjustment During Early Adolescence,” Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 100, No. 2, 2008.

measured a child’s rates of aggression: Ibid.

undeniably strong link: See, for example, Mayeaux. Note: “Only perceived popularity is characterized by dominant and aggressive tendencies . . . including both overt and relational forms of aggression.” See also Schwartz: “Aggression and popularity become progressively more intertwined over the course of adolescence.”

associated with high social status: See, for example, Puckett, Marissa B.; Aikins, Julie Wargo; and Cillessen, Antonius H. N. “Moderators of the Association Between Relational Aggression and Perceived Popularity,” Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 34, 2008. See also Kiefer. See also Horn, Stacey S. “Mean Girls or Cultural Stereotypes: Essay Review,” which discusses the debate over whether social aggression is fundamentally negative.

“should not be seen as socially intelligent”: See Goleman, Daniel. Social Intelligence, New York: Bantam, 2006.

“popularity cycle”: See Eder, Donna. “The Cycle of Popularity: interpersonal relations among female adolescents,” Sociology of Education, Vol. 58, Issue 3, July 1985.

distancing herself too far from old friends: See, for example, Adler, Patricia A. and Adler, Peter. “Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Preadolescent Cliques,” Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 3, September 1995.

appearing to think she’s “all that”: See Merten.

“Loss of popularity in this manner”: Ibid. Merten also discussed what he calls “the paradox of popularity,” in which popular students were also vulnerable to being labeled stuck-up and, for that reason, could lose their popularity.

His answer: Be mean: Ibid.

treating other students as equals: Ibid.

undermining their own popularity: Ibid.

“Whereas being stuck-up”: Interview, Don Merten.

shows like Gossip Girl: Interviews.

Broadcast TV networks: See, for example, Wyatt, Edward. “More Than Ever, You Can Say That on Television,” New York Times, November 14, 2009.

Today: See, for example, Today, October 16, 2009.

Celebrities like Paris Hilton: See, for example, Hefferman, Virginia. “Epithet Morphs from Bad Girl to Weak Boy,” New York Times, March 22, 2005.

“Shopping