The Geeks Shall Inherit the Earth - Alexandra Robbins [196]
“groups require consensus, homogeneity, and cohesion”: See Bukowski, William and Sippola, Lorrie K. “Groups, Individuals, and Victimization: A View of the Peer System,” in Juvonen, Jaana and Graham, Sandra, eds. Peer Harassment in School: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized, New York: Guilford Press, 2001.
CHAPTER 5
longboarding has more of a graceful flow: For an example of this sort of artistry and athleticism, please visit www.facebook.com/pages/AuthorAlexandraRobbins.
drawn to peers who are similar: See, for example, Hartup, Willard and Abecassis, Maurissa. “Friends and Enemies,” Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, Smith, Peter K. and Hart, Craig H., eds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.
From the age of five: See, for example, Nesdale, Drew. “Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Intergroup Prejudice,” in Intergroup Attitudes . . .
“I have to be the same as everybody else”: Interview.
Note: As children spend time with each other, in the course of their interactions they often become more alike. See, for example, Poulin, F. and Boivin, M., “The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formulation and development of boys’ friendships,” Developmental Psychology, Vol. 36, 2000.
levels of academics: See, for example, Cairns, R. B.; Cairns, B. D.; Neckerman, H. J.; Gest, S.; and Gariépy, J.-L. “Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection?”, Developmental Psychology, Vol. 24, 1988. Cited in Xie.
more conformist: See, for example, Gavin, Leslie A. and Furman, Wyndol. “Age Differences in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their Peer Groups,” Developmental Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 5, 1989: 827–834.
experience more negative behavior: Ibid.
In the mid-twentieth century, psychologists: This group included Muzafer Sherif, who later conducted the Robbers Cave experiment.
gauge levels of conformity: See Asch, Solomon E. “Opinions and Social Pressure,” Scientific American, Vol. 193, No. 5, November 1955.
likes to cheat: See, for example, Gilbert, Daniel. Stumbling on Happiness, New York: Knopf, 2006.
“the more measurements you make”: See Berns, Gregory.
deferring to the group: Ibid.
“We observed the fear system”: Ibid.
“unpleasant nature of standing alone”: Ibid.
brain emits an error signal: See Klucharev, Vasily; Hytönen, Kaisa; Rijpkema, Mark; Smidts, Ale; and Fernández, Guillén. “Reinforcement Learning Signal Predicts Social Conformity,” Neuron, Vol. 61, Issue 1, January 2009.
financial loss or social exclusion: See, for example, Landau, Elizabeth. “Why so many minds think alike,” CNN, January 15, 2009.
triggers a process: See Klucharev.
“Deviation from the group”: See Landau.
debuted at number four: See Pomerantz, Dorothy and Rose, Lacey, eds. “The Celebrity 100,” Forbes, June 28, 2010.
“When I see somebody like Gaga”: See Lauper, Cyndi. “The 2010 TIME 100: Lady Gaga,” TIME, April 29, 2010.
“I didn’t fit in in high school”: See The Ellen DeGeneres Show, November 27, 2009.
“nerdball in theater and chorus”: See Herndon, Jessica and Dyball, Rennie. “Totally Gaga: What You Don’t Know About Pop Star Lady Gaga,” People, June 22, 2009.
teased for her eccentric style: See LadyGaga.com.
by age twenty: Ibid.
“This is really who I am”: See The Ellen DeGeneres Show.
a comprehensive review: Included countless books and articles, most of which are not quoted in the section, too many of which to name here.
record for Emmy nominations: See, for example, Taylor, William C. and LaBarre, Polly. Mavericks at Work: Why the Most Original Minds in Business Win, New York: William Morrow, 2006.
HBO executives ask themselves: Ibid.
Southwest Airlines, which distinguishes itself: See Taylor. In 2002, Money Magazine reported that Southwest was the best-performing stock in the magazine’s history.
Senior Executive Service: Interview.
“The work that matters most”: See Taylor, William.
Steven Spielberg: Incidentally, Spielberg’s fifth grade teacher complained to the principal