The Geeks Shall Inherit the Earth - Alexandra Robbins [204]
three times more likely to binge drink: See Long Foley, K.; Altman, D.; and Durant, R. H. “Adults’ approval and adolescents’ alcohol use,” Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 35, 2004.
“the greater number of drinks”: The quote is from an interview the study’s lead author gave Science Daily: “Relaxed Attitudes Toward Alcohol and Youth May Increase Risk Of Binge Drinking in College,” Science Daily, June 11, 2009. For the study, see Abar.
parents strongly disapprove: See, for example, Walls, Theodore A.; Fairlie, Anne M.; and Wood, Mark D. “Parents do matter: a longitudinal two-part mixed model of early college alcohol participation and intensity,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, November 1, 2009.
far worse problems: An Ivy League president told Califano that “during his tenure of more than a decade, every case of rape and date rape at his university involved alcohol abuse.” See Califano.
Note: The majority of states and hundreds of town councils have passed laws that hold parents civilly and criminally liable when they serve alcohol to minors, or when they know that someone else has served alcohol to minors in their home. See, for example Tilghman, Andrew. “When kids bend elbows, parents break the rules,” The Times Union, March 24, 2002.
“she believed I had been”: Interview.
CHAPTER 8
social psychologist Henri Tajfel: See Tajfel, H.; Billig, M. G.; and Bundy, R. P. “Social categorization and intergroup behavior,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, no. 2, 1971. See also Baumeister and Leary.
flip of a coin: See Tajfel; see also Bettencourt, B. A.; Dorr, N; Charlton, K.; and Hume, D. L. “Status Differences and In-Group Bias: A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Effects of Status Stability, Status Legitimacy, and Group Permeability,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 127, July 2002, 4; see also LaFontana.
split people into groups by lottery: See Locksley, A.; Ortiz, V.; and Hepburn, C. “Social categorization and discriminatory behavior: Extinguishing the minimal intergroup discrimination effect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, 1980.
The need to belong: See, for example, Baumeister and Leary.
survival and reproductive advantages: See, for example, Bukowski, William M. and Sippola, Lorrie K. “Groups, Individuals, and Victimization: A View of the Peer System.”
Group membership improves odds: See, for example, Baumeister, et al.
members of social categories: See, for example, Tajfel and Turner. See also Mlicki, Pawel and Ellemers, Naomi. “Being different or being better? National stereotypes and identifications of Polish and Dutch students,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 26, 1996.
children intuitively understand: See, for example, Gavin.
children typically have split: See, for example, Xie.
tall, friendly, good at sports: Interview, Dominic Abrams. See also Abrams, Dominic and Rutland, Adam. “The Development of Subjective Group Dynamics,” Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood Through Adulthood.
to reach a cookie jar: Interview, Abrams.
By fourth grade: See, for example, Xie.
play favorites with their own group: See Tajfel; See also, for example, Baumeister.
“in-group bias”: See Turner, J. C.; Tajfel, H.; and Brown, R. H. “Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favoritism,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 9, 1979.
doesn’t mean they dislike outsiders: See, for example, Brewer, Marilyn. “Conflict and In-Group Bias,” August 2007, San Francisco. An address by Marilyn Brewer, professor of psychology at Ohio State University, to mark the award of Distinguished Scientific Contribution for 2007 by the American Psychological Association.
Note: People expect their own groupmates to behave more positively toward group interests. See, for example, Baumeister.
assign more favorable characteristics: See, for example, Hymel, S.;