The Happiness Myth_ An Expose - Jennifer Hecht [183]
15. Asbury Park Evening Press, June 11, 1936.
CHAPTER 17: GREEK FESTIVAL
1. Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1985), 110.
2. Across eight hundred years, college went from meaning “military service” to meaning “school.”
3. Burkert, Greek Religion, 241.
4. “Homeric Hymn to Demeter,” in Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White (Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1914). For recent insights on the matter, see Rachel Zucker, Eating in the Underworld (Middle-town, CT: Wesleyan, 2003); and Louise Gluck, Averno (New York: FSG, 2006). Both are books of poetry.
5. Douglas M. MacDowell, Aristophanes and Athens (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995), 259.
6. Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, and H. Alan Shapiro, Women in the Classical World (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), 87.
7. Keith Bradley, “Images of Childhood,” in Plutarch’s “Advice to the Bride and Groom” and “Consolation to His Wife,” ed. Sarah B. Pomeroy (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 184.
8. Ian Johnston translation, http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/euripides/Bacchae_ Introduction.htm.
9. William Lyman Underwood, Wild Brother, 1921, quoted in Marina Warner, From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers (New York: Noonday, 1994), 304. Skeptical? There are reports and photographs of human women nursing monkeys in Amazonia, and piglets; and I have seen a photograph of a woman nursing an orphaned bear cub.
10. Burkert, Greek Religion, 289.
11. Jane Ellen Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1991), 436.
12. Plutarch , “Consolation to His Wife.”
13. Burkert, Greek Religion, 292.
14. Harrison, Prolegomena, 580.
CHAPTER 18: MEDIEVAL CARNIVAL
1. With women and slaves denied the vote, it is easy to do the math and see that over half the people were disenfranchised.
2. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswalsky (Indiana: Indiana Univ. Press, 1984), 78.
3. Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, 79.
4. Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, 90.
5. The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) , s.v. “Miracle Plays and Mysteries.”
6. Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, 7.
7. Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1975), 139.
8. Zemon Davis, Society and Culture, 99.
9. Bakhtin, v Rabelais and His World, 81.
10. See the essay “A Bourgeois Puts His World in Order: The City as Text,” in Robert Darnton’s The Great Cat Massacre: And Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 107–43.
11. Zemon Davis, Society and Culture, 109.
12. When many men are engaged in activities that occasion their dressing up as women, it seems reasonable to guess that some of them are doing it for pleasure. Stephen Orgel’s study sees theatrical cross-dressing as transvestism with all the implied sexuality and power significance. Orgel, Impersonations: The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare’s England (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).
13. The play, El vergonzoso en palacio (“The Bashful Man in the Palace”), was written by Tirso de Molina, pseudonym of Gabriel Téllez, an outstanding dramatist of the golden age of Spanish literature. He was a monk and also a theologian of repute. An English translation is to be found in The Bashful Man at Court; Don Gil of the Breaches Green; The Doubter Damned, trans. John Browning and Firoigio Minelli (Ottawa: Dovehouse Editions, 1991).
14. There is a heated historical debate over these two interpretations. For an overview, see Chris Humphrey, The Politics of Carnival: Festive Misrule in Medieval England (Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ. Press, 2001).
15. Bakhtin was living in Soviet Russia, often under terrible privations, and he understood carnival as a world apart from the regular world, where one could truly feel and express oneself. This parallel world of folly, pleasure, relief, and release was just as significant in the average person’s life, as was the regular world.