The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [0]
Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
Copyright © 2010 by Bettany Hughes
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf,
a division of Random House, Inc.
www.aaknopf.com
Originally published in Great Britain in 2010 by Jonathan Cape,
an imprint of the Random House Group Limited, London.
Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hughes, Bettany.
The hemlock cup : Socrates, Athens and the search for the good life /
by Bettany Hughes.—1st U.S. ed.
p. cm.
eISBN: 978-0-307-59529-4
1. Socrates. 2. Philosophers—Greece—Athens—Biography. 3. Philosophers, Ancient—Biography. 4. Athens (Greece)—Biography. I. Title.
B316.H84 2011
183′.2—dc22
[B] 2010045486
Jacket image: Socrates, engraving by Thomas Trotter after a drawing
by Peter Paul Rubens. Mary Evans Picture Library.
Jacket design by Jason Booher
v3.1
For
KE-SE-NE-WI-JA
xenwia and xenia
and therefore for my
friends, at home and abroad.
CONTENTS
Cover
Other Books by This Author
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Epigraph
1 Acknowledgements
2 Preface
3 Introduction
4 The dramatic story of Socrates – sources and approach
5 Dramatis personæ
6 List of Illustrations
7 Maps
ACT ONE – ATHENA’S CITY
1 The water-clock: time to be judged
2 Athena’s city
3 Socrates in the Agora
4 The Stoa of the King
5 The first blood sacrifice
6 Checks, balances and magic-men
7 Persuade or obey
8 Peitho, the power of persuasion
ACT TWO – SOCRATES AS A YOUNG MAN
9 Alopeke: a philosopher is born
10 Kerameikos – potters and beautiful boys
11 Pericles: high society, and democracy as high theatre
12 Delos – and the birth of an empire
13 Purple ambition
14 Paddling in the river, sweating in the gym: Socratic youth
15 Gym-hardened fighting men
16 ‘Golden Age’ Athens
17 Aspasia – Sophe Kai Politike, Wise and Politically Astute
ACT THREE – SOCRATES THE SOLDIER
18 Samos
19 Flexing muscles
20 Socrates the soldier
21 Demons and virtues
22 The plague
ACT FOUR – NEW GODS, NEW POSSIBILITIES: SOCRATES IN MIDDLE AGE
23 Silver Owls and a wise owl
24 Hot air in the Agora
25 Democracy, liberty and freedom of speech
26 The good life – after dark
27 Delphi, the Oracle
28 Gnothi Seauton – Know Yourself
29 Aristocrats, democrats and the realities of war
ACT FIVE – THE FIGHT GOES ON
30 The Peloponnesian War, phase two – a messy siege
31 Brickbats and bouquets
32 Amphipolis
ACT SIX – SOCRATES AND LOVE
33 Socrates in the symposium
34 The trouble with love
35 Oh, tell me the truth about love
36 Diotima – a very social priestess
37 Little Bears
38 Xanthippe
39 Alcibiades: violet-crowned, punch-drunk
ACT SEVEN – CUTTING DOWN THE TALLEST CORN
40 Melos
41 Venus de Milo abused
42 Priest of nonsense: playing with fire
43 Sicily
44 Rivers of blood
45 Decelea – closing down the mines
46 Time of terror
47 Arginusae – standing out in the crowd
48 Tall poppies, cut corn
49 Thirty Tyrants
ACT EIGHT – THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF SOCRATES
50 The scapegoat
51 An apology
52 Twilight and Delos at dawn
53 Socrates bound
54 Flight from the world
Coda: The tomb of Socrates – the Tower of the Winds
Afterword
Appendix One Honouring Aphrodite
Appendix Two Mysteria – the Eleusinian Mysteries
Timeline
Text Acknowledgements
Image Acknowlegements
Notes
Bibliography
Illustrations
Many wonders, many terrors, but none more wonderful or more terrible than a human being.
Sophocles, Antigone, 332
And what kind of person is more loved by the gods than the one who is most happy?
Xenophon, describing Socrates in his Memorabilia, 4.8.3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have referenced the works, both ancient and modern, upon which I have relied heavily or which might be of further interest to the reader. Although I would have loved Socrates to be Sokrates – and hence more Hellenic, I have in general chosen